• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.501-509
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• 2013

포름알데히드는 주로 산업용으로 사용되는 독성이 강한 물질로서 생체에 노출 시 염증, 산화적 스트레스, 알레르기 반응, 나아가서 암을 유발하게 된다. 불가사리에서 추출되는 saponin은 sulphated sterol glycosides 등으로서 인삼 saponin (ginsenoside)들과 화학적 구조가 비슷하여 항균 및 세포독성을 비롯한 미생물을 괴사시키는 기능을 가지고 있음이 보고되었다. 또한 손상된 불가사리의 조직에는 염증성 사이토카인이 발현되는데 TGF-${\beta}$의 증가로 손상 받은 부위를 빠르게 치료, 재생하게 된다. 본 실험은 조직손상 후 8일 된 불가사리 추출물과 포름알데히드를 IMR-90에 처리했을 때와 포름알데히드에 노출시킨 ICR 마우스에 불가사리 추출물을 흡입시켰을 때 염증성 폐 손상의 방어 및 치료에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 포름알데히드에 노출된 IMR-90에 조직손상 후 8일이 경과한 불가사리 추출물을 처리한 결과, 세포의 유의한 증식을 보였으며 염증 조절에 영향을 주는 TNF-${\alpha}$, NF-${\kappa}B$의 발현억제 및 $I{\kappa}-B{\alpha}$의 합성을 촉진시켰다. 포름알데히드에 노출된 ICR 마우스에 조직손상 후 8일이 경과한 불가사리 추출물을 처리한 군에서 체중의 증가, 항산화 효소의 증가, 지질과산화 작용의 감소, surfactant protein A의 증가, TNF-${\alpha}$ 및 NF-${\kappa}B$의 발현억제, $I{\kappa}-B{\alpha}$ 발현의 증가와 조직재생에 우수한 효과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 포름알데히드로 인한 세포 및 폐 손상을 불가사리 추출물의 항염증 작용을 통하여 억제하거나 완화시킴을 확인할 수 있다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.92-103
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• 2021

Lactobacillus casei, one of the most widely used probiotics, has been reported to alleviate multiple diseases. However, the effects of this species on intestinal diseases are strain-specific. Here, we aimed to screen L. casei strains with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-alleviating effects based on in vitro physiological characteristics. Therefore, the physiological characteristics of 29 L. casei strains were determined, including gastrointestinal transit tolerance, oligosaccharide fermentation, HT-29 cell adhesion, generation time, exopolysaccharide production, acetic acid production, and conjugated linoleic acid synthesis. The effects of five candidate strains on mice with induced colitis were also evaluated. The results showed that among all tested L. casei strains, only Lactobacillus casei M2S01 effectively relieved colitis. This strain recovered body weight, restored disease activity index score, and promoted anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. Gut microbiota sequencing showed that L. casei M2S01 restored a healthy gut microbiome composition. The western blotting showed that the alleviating effects of L. casei M2S01 on IBD were related to the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. A good gastrointestinal tolerance ability may be one of the prerequisites for the IBD-alleviating effects of L. casei. Our results verified the efficacy of L. casei in alleviating IBD and lay the foundation for the rapid screening of L. casei strain with IBD-alleviating effects.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1392-1398
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract from Sophora Japonica (SJ) on the RAW 264.7 cells. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of SJ, we examined the cytokine productions including nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and also inhibitory mechanisms such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa b (NF-kB) using Western blot. SJ inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-a but not of IL-1b and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. SJ inhibited the activation of MAPKs such as extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 but not of NF-kB in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, SJ down-regulated LPS-induced NO and TNF-a productions via MAPKs, which could be a clinical basis for inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제20권2호통권33호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2007

Objectives : This experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of Yeouigeumhwang-san(YUGHS) on anti-inflammation and anti-Propionibacterium acnes. Methods : The cytotoxicity of YUGHS about viability of Raw 264.7 cell was tested by using a colorimetric tetrazolium assay(MTT assay). To investigate the anti-inflammatory effets of YUGHS on LPS-induced macrophage Raw 264.7 cell, we used ELISA kit and Western blots. Inhibitory effects of YUGHS on Propionibactrium acnes were investigated by using paper disk diffusion method. Results : 1. YUGHS has no cytotoxicity under 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration but over 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ has a little cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cell. 2. Concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ YUGHS inhibited the production of NO in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 3. All concentrations of YUGHS did not inhibit the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 4. All concentrations of YUGHS significantly inhibited the production of $PGE_2$ in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 5. YUGHS did not inhibit the expression of COX-2 but concentration of 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ YUGHS inhibited iNOS expression in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 6. YUGHS has the effect of blocking $NF-{\kappa}B$ into nucleus in LPS-induced macrophage Raw 264.7 cell 7. YUGHS did not have the inhibitory effect of Propionibactrium acnes. Conclusions : These results indicate that Yeouigeumhwang-san has anti-inflammatory effets. If further study is performed, the use of Yeouigeumhwang-san will be valuable and benificial in the therapy of acnes.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.159-177
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• 2008

Objectives : Crohn's disease is a severe chronic inflammation that is treated mainly by immunosuppression, which often has serious side effects. There is need to develop new therapeutic methods or drugs that have few side effects in order to treat this disease. Acupuncture with Moxi-tar at Cheonchu (ST25) has anti-inflammatory properties, but the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory actions is unclear. We investigated the protective effects and speculated the mechanisms of acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in mice which is a well known Crohn's disease animal model. Methods : 5 % TNBS was treated at day 1 and day 7 into rectum of mice. To investigate therapeutic effects of acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25, acupuncture was carried out on day 3, and day 6. For the data analysis, we observed macroscopic and microscopic findings of the colon. Weight and width of the colon, degree of damage, changes of body weight, and myeloperoxygenase (MPO) activity were checked. For analysing protein expression, we carried out immunohistochemical staining and Western blot. For analysing mRNA expression, RT-PCR was carried out. Results : TNBS induced damages on the colon of mice, while acupuncture of Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed TNBS mediated damages similar to those on the colons of mice in the control (not treated with TNBS) group. The average body weight of TNBS treated mice (77.4%) was decreased compared with that of the control mice (105%), and acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed the loss of body weight caused by TNBS (from 77.4% to 95.3%). TNBS induced infiltration of immune cells in all layers of the colon while acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed infiltration of immune cells caused by TNBS. Furthermore, acupunctured with Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed macro-, micro- colonic damages caused by TNBS. Acupunctured with Moxi-tar at ST25 dramatically improved the clinical and histopathological symptoms such as the increase in weight of the distal colon and the MPO activity in TNBS-induced colitis. Acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 down-regulated the nuclear transcription factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) activity and suppressed tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$), and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressions caused by TNBS. Conclusions : Acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 helps recovery from the TNBS-induced colonic damage by down-regulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity and suppressing of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, and ICAM-1 expressions. This may be an important method for the treatment of Crohn's disease.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.365-372
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Owing to health concerns related to the consumption of traditional snacks high in sugars and fats, much effort has been made to develop functional snacks with low calorie content. In this study, a new recipe for Korean rice cookie, dasik, was developed and its antioxidative, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory effects and related mechanisms were elucidated. The effects were compared with those of traditional rice cake dasik (RCD), the lipid-lowering effect of which is greater than that of traditional western-style cookies. MATERIALS/METHODS: Ginseng-added brown rice dasik (GBRD) was prepared with brown rice flour, fructooligosaccharide, red ginseng extract, and propolis. Mice were grouped (n = 7 per group) into those fed a normal AIN-76 diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with RCD or GBRD. Dasik in the HFD accounted for 7% of the total calories. The lipid, reactive oxygen species, and peroxynitrite levels, and degree of lipid peroxidation in the plasma or liver were determined. The expression levels of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation, and those of antioxidant enzymes were determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS: The plasma and hepatic total cholesterol concentrations in the GBRD group were significantly decreased via downregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (P < 0.05). The hepatic peroxynitrite level was significantly lower, whereas glutathione was higher, in the GBRD group than in the RCD group. Among the antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly upregulated in the GBRD group (P < 0.05). In addition, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) expression in the GBRD group was significantly lower than that in the RCD group. CONCLUSIONS: GBRD decreases the plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels by downregulating cholesterol synthesis. This new dasik recipe also improves the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory status in HFD-fed mice via CAT and GPx upregulation and NF-${\kappa}B$ downregulation. These effects were significantly higher than those of RCD.

• 셀메드
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.3.1-3.3
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• 2013

The receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL), a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family, has extensive functions beyond osteoclast development. RANKL is expressed in many immune cells such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, marrow stromal cells, activated T cells, synovial cells, keratinocytes, and mammary gland epithelial cells as well as in various tissues. The ligation of RANK by RANKL promotes dendritic cells (DCs) survival through prosurvival signals and the up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-$x_L$ and plays a crucial role in DCs-mediated Th1 differentiation. Therefore, RANKL plays an important role in the regulation of DCs/T cells-mediated specific immunity. This review will briefly inform our current understanding of the role of RANKL signaling in T cells-DCs communication in the immune system.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.317-326
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• 2019

본 연구는 인체에 유익한 효과가 있고 부작용 없이 장기간 안전하게 사용할 수 있으며 표준치료제인 설파살라진과 비교하여 열처리된 무 추출물의 궤양성 대장염증의 예방에 탁월한 효과가 있는지 알아보았다. 쥐에 덱스트란나트륨설페이트(DSS)로 유도된 UC에 대한 설파살라진 투여군과 열처리된 무추출물 투여군에 대해 약리효능의 비교 평가를 알아보았다. Balb/c 마우스는 7일동안 식수에 5 % DSS를 투여하여 대장염을 유도하였다. DSS+ sulfasalazine(30 mg/kg), IV-DSS + sulfasalazine(60 mg/kg), 5-DSS +, V-DSS + 설파살라진(30 mg/kg) + 무우 엑기스 혼합물(30 mg/kg) (SRE). DSS 처리된 마우스는 심한 피의 설사 및 체중 감소와 같은 인간 UC와 유사한 증상을 보였다. 설파살라진 뿐만 아니라 SRE보충은 결장길이와 점막염증 침투를 억제하였다. 또한 SRE 치료는 MAPK와 nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-${\kappa}B$) 신호전달 경로를 억제함으로써 전염증 신호분자의 발현을 현저히 감소 시켰으며 결장의 세포 사멸을 예방하였다. 또한, SRE 투여는 SOD 및 카탈라아제를 포함한 항산화 효소의 상향 조절을 의미있게 만들었다. 이번 연구 결과는 열처리된 무추출물과 설파살라진의 병용 투여가 sulfasalazin 표준과 매우 유사한 염증과 세포사멸의 억제. 열처리된 무추출물은 궤양성 대장염 유발에 의한 대장의 길이 감소와 조직학적 변화에 의한 대장 길이의 감소나 조직학적 변화를 효과적으로 억제 하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제46권7호
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• pp.352-357
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• 2013

Atherosclerosis, which manifests as acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and peripheral arterial diseases, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Prunella vulgaris, a perennial herb with a worldwide distribution, has been used as a traditional medicine in inflammatory disease. Here, we investigated the effects of P. vulgaris ethanol extract on TNF-${\alpha}$-induced inflammatory responses in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). We found that P. vulgaris ethanol extract inhibited adhesion of monocyte/macrophage-like THP-1 cells to activated HASMCs. It also decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin and ROS, No production in TNF-${\alpha}$-induced HASMCs and reduced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Furthermore, P. vulgaris extract suppressed TNF-${\alpha}$-induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These results demonstrate that P. vulgaris possesses anti-inflammatory properties and can regulate TNF-${\alpha}$-induced expression of adhesion molecules by inhibiting the p38 MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.993-999
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 참콩풍뎅이(Popillia flavosellata) 에탄올 추출물(PFE)의 항염증 효능을 분석하기 위해 PFE를 농도별(500, 1,000, 2,000 μg/ml)로 대식세포인 RAW 264.7에 처리 시 최고 처리농도인 2,000 μg/ml까지 통계적인 유의성 있는 독성이 없음을 확인하였다. LPS (100 ng/ml)로 염증 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에 PFE를 농도별(500, 1,000, 2,000 μg/ml)로 동시 처리 시 농도 의존적으로 염증성사이토카인인 TNF-α와 IL-6의 단백질 생성을 통계적인 유의성(p<0.001)있게 억제함을 확인하였다. 또한 염증 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에 PFE 동시 처리 시 NF-κB p65의 핵으로 이동이 차단됨과 iNOS와 COX-2의 단백질 발현을 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 연구결과를 통해 참콩 풍뎅이는 염증에 의해 활성화된 TLR-4 신호전달과정을 조절하는 NF-κB p65의 활성과 염증성사이토카인 TNF-α와 IL-6의 생성 및 염증성효소 iNOS와 COX-2의 생성을 억제하는 항염증 효능이 있음을 확인하였다.