• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.335-344
• /
• 2019

Obesity causes inflammation and impairs thermogenic functions in brown adipose tissue (BAT). The adipokine lipocalin 2 (LCN2) has been implicated in inflammation and obesity. Herein, we investigated the protective effects of caloric restriction (CR) on LCN2-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress in the BAT of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Mice were fed a HFD for 20 weeks and then either continued on the HFD or subjected to CR for the next 12 weeks. CR led to the browning of the white fat-like phenotype in HFD-fed mice. Increased expressions of LCN2 and its receptor in the BAT of HFD-fed mice were significantly attenuated by CR. Additionally, HFD+CR-fed mice had fewer neutrophils and macrophages expressing LCN2 and iron-positive cells than HFD-fed mice. Further, oxidative stress and mitochondrial fission induced by a HFD were also significantly attenuated by CR. Our findings indicate that the protective effects of CR on inflammation and oxidative stress in the BAT of obese mice may be associated with regulation of LCN2.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국식품저장유통학회 2003년도 제23차 추계총회 및 국제학술심포지움
• /
• pp.165.1-165
• /
• 2003

복숭아는 절단 후 표면의 갈변현상이나 당도 저하 등이 발생하여 신선편이 식품화시 품질열화의 원인이 된다. 이에 본 실험에서는 일차적으로 유명 품종에 한해 fresh-cut peach의 anti-browning chemicals를 탐색하고, 그 결과를 통해 이차적으로 효과가 우수한 chemicals를 선정하여 백향 품종에 농도별 실험을 행하였다. 유명 품종을 반으로 절단한 후 제핵하고 8등분하여 1% ascorbic acid, 1% sodium chloride, 1% sodium ascorbate monohydrate, 0.005% 4-hexylresorcinol 용액에 3분간 침지시켜 draining한 후, PP tray에 담고 PP film으로 밀봉하여 4$^{\circ}C$에서 저장하였다. 가용성고형분은 to sodium chloride 용액으로 처리한 구에서 가장 높게 유지되었고 pH 또한 비교적 일정하였으며, 1% sodium chloride과 1% sodium ascorbate monohydrate 용액으로 처리한 구의 L값이 높게 유지되었다. 따라서 fresh-cut peach에 효과가 있는 것으로 판단되는 이 두 chemicals의 농도별 용액을 조제하여 같은 방법으로 백향 품종의 갈변저해제로서 처리하였다. 그 결과 2% sodium chloride의 가용성고형분이 가장 높게 유지되었으며 2% sodium ascorbate monohydrate 다음으로 2% sodium chloride 용액 처리구의 L값의 변화 양상이 가장 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 종합적으로 살펴볼 때, 2% sodium chloride 용액의 처리가 fresh-cut peach의 품질 변화 억제에 적합하다고 판단되었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.825-832
• /
• 2006

The effect of alginate coating in combination with an anti-browning agent on increasing the post-cutting shelf life and improving the quality of minimally processed apple cubes was studied during storage at room temperature for 5 days. A simple coating technique involving the chemical cross-linkage of alginate by calcium was used. Statistical-based experimental designs were applied to improve the quality of the alginate-coated apple cubes (ACAC). Plackett-Burman design was first used to determine the main factors influencing the preservation of the original weight, color, and texture of ACAC. Among these variables, alginate concentration ($X_1$), dipping time ($X_2$), and dipping temperature ($X_3$) significantly influenced the ACAC weight and color (confidence levels above 90%). Subsequently, the effects of the 3 main factors were further investigated by a central composite design. The polynomial models developed by response surface methodology were adequate to describe the relationships between the studied factors and the responses. Overall optimization conducted by superimposing the curves of the responses enabled the determination of an optimal range of the independent variables in which the five responses were simultaneously optimized. The point chosen as representative of this optimal area corresponded to $X_1=2.98%$, $X_2=0.85\;min$, and $X_3=55^{\circ}C$ and under these conditions the model predicted weight loss=0.522%, relative hardness=1.517, ${\Delta}E=1.423$, browning inhibition=93.403%, and ${\Delta}L=0.158$.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.473-482
• /
• 2014

참외과피추출물의 천연갈변저해제로서의 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 참외과피추출물 및 ascorbic acid를 적용한 양송이의 저장 중 품질변화를 확인하였다. 양송이를 각 처리구별 PP film으로 포장하여 4 및 $15^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 포장 내 기체조성, 경도, 표면 색 및 관능평가를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 기체조성 또는 경도의 변화에 있어서는 처리구별 큰 차이 없이 저장온도 또는 포장재에 따른 영향을 받았으나, 갈변저해효과에 있어서는 참외과피추출물을 처리하였을 때 양성대조군으로 사용한 ascorbic acid 보다 표면 색 유지에 효과적이었다. 또한 관능평가에서도 참외과피추출물을 적용한 처리구(OMP, OMP+AA)에서 저장기간 동안 높은 점수를 유지하였다. 참외과피에 함유되어있는 총 페놀과 플라보노이드의 함량을 조사한 결과, 참외과피추출물의 총 페놀함량은 플라보노이드 함량보다 4배 정도 높게 나타났다. 참외과피추출물의 항산화 및 항갈변 활성은 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성과 PPO 저해활성이 낮은 농도에서도 높은 활성을 나타냈으나 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성과 구리킬레이트 활성에서는 비교적 높은 농도에서 활성을 보였다. 이에 따라 참외과피추출물을 천연갈변저해제로서 양송이에 적용하였을 때 효과적으로 양송이의 갈변을 저해할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2010

피부의 주름은 노화과정의 결과로 유도되어지는데, 비효소적 glycation 반응은 주름생성의 원인 중에 하나로 단백질의 비가역적 가교결합에 의해 생성된 최종당화산물(AGEs)이라고 불리는 갈색화합물을 생성한다. 비교적 반감기가 긴 collagen은 쉽게 glycation이 일어나고 collagen의 가교결합(cross-linking)이 일어나면서 여러 단계의 반응을 거쳐 최종적으로 생성된 AGEs가 피부에 축적되어 피부의 탄력감소 및 주름을 일으킨다고 알려져 있다. 피부 내에 glycation된 collagen의 축척은 피부의 탄력성을 유지하는 것을 방해한다. 수종의 식용작물로부터 항주름소재를 개발하기 위하여 메탄올 및 열수추출물을 조제한 후 AGEs 형성을 억제하는 활성을 검색하였다. 먼저 서양향신료 중에서는 월계수잎, 계피, 정향, 오레가노, 로즈마리, 사보리, 팔각과 한약재 중에서는 복분자, 달개비, 삼지구엽초, 가자와 해당화의 메탄올 및 열수추출물에서 최종당화산물 생성 억제활성이 높았다. 그러나 국내 식물 중에서는 단지 참취 및 녹차 추출물의 메탄올과 열수추출물만이 높은 활성을 보였으며 해조류 중에서는 활성이 높은 시료는 없었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.853-859
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted in an effort to investigate the effect of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) on enzymatic browning of burdock and their anti-oxidant activity. The MRPs were prepared by heating glucose and amino acids at $90^{\circ}C$, which served to produce a strong inhibitory effect on burdock polyphenol oxidase. As the reaction time of the solution containing glucose and amino acid increased at $90^{\circ}C$, the production of MRPs increased and intensity of the brown color deepened. When MRPs were prepared by heating at $90^{\circ}C$ for five hours, the absorbance of MRPs from glucose and lysine was 6.44, while those of glucose and glycine was 1.95. The MRPs synthesized from the glucose and lysine also reduced the pH of MRPs from 5.60 to 4.51, but those from glucose and glycine decreased slightly from 5.57 to 5.33. The Michealis-Menten constant value ($K_m$) of burdock PPO with pyrocatechol as a substrate was 16.0 mM, and MRPs were a non-competitive inhibitor against burdock PPO. The anti-oxidant activity of MRPs was measured by evaluating its radical scavenging activities of DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals and reducing power. The color intensity of MRPs produced by lysine and glucose were deeper than that produced by glucose and glycine. It was also found that MRPs produced from glucose and lysine exhibited stronger anti-oxidant properties than those produced by glucose and glycine.

• Journal of mucopolysaccharidosis and rare diseases
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.43-45
• /
• 2016

Whole body energy balance is achieved through the coordinated regulation of energy intake and energy expenditure in various tissues including liver, muscle and adipose tissues. A positive energy imbalance by excessive energy intake or insufficient energy expenditure results in obesity and related metabolic diseases. Although there have been many obesity treatment trials aimed at the reduction of energy intake, these strategies have achieved only limited success because of their associated adverse effects. Serotonin is among those traditional pharmacological targets for anti-obesity treatment because central 5-HT functions as an anorexigenic neurotransmitter in the brain. Thus, there have been many trials aimed at increasing the activity of 5-HT in the central nervous system, and some of the developed methods are already used in the clinical setting as anti-obesity drugs. However, recent studies suggest the new functions of peripheral serotonin in energy homeostasis ranging from the endocrine regulation by gut-derived serotonin to the autocrine/paracrine regulation by adipocyte-derived serotonin. Pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT synthesis leads to inhibition of lipogenesis in epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT), induction of browning in inguinal WAT and activation of adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Fat specific Tph1 knock-out (Tph1 FKO) mice exhibit similar phenotypes as mice with pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT synthesis, suggesting the localized effects of 5-HT in adipose tissues. In addition, Htr3a KO mice exhibit increased energy expenditure in BAT and Htr2a KO mice exhibit the decreased lipid accumulation in WAT. These data suggest the clinical significance of the peripheral serotonergic system as a new therapeutic target for anti-obesity treatment.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2018

To study the effect of natural anti-microbial chemicals on the growth and quality of chili peppers, chitosan ($100mg/L^{-1}$), stevia ($250mg/L^{-1}$), and the mixture of both chemicals at the same concentration were sprayed after planting at 1-week interval throughout the experimental period. Plant height was measured twice after the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ applications. Plant height was numerically reduced in all chemical treatments compared to that of untreated control; however, there was no statistical difference between treatments. The fruit quality was examined at commercial maturity, and only minor differences were found in fruit color, length, and dry matter content between the treatments. Although a statistical difference was not present for soluble sugars levels, total phenolics, and capsaicin contents, yield in all chemical treatments significantly increased compared to untreated control. The effect on yield increase was greater at the late harvest season regardless of treatments. Total yield of 4 harvests was higher for the chitosan treatment than other treatments. During the experiment, the entire experimental field was waterlogged for 1 day due to sudden heavy rainfall, which resulted in the occurrence of bacterial browning disease in all treatments. The rate of disease occurrence and the degree of severity, however, were much lower in the chitosan treatment. In conclusion, the potential of chitosan as an alternative antimicrobial agent was confirmed in chili peppers in this study. Further research is required on stevia as an alternative chemical for disease control in chili peppers.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.395-402
• /
• 2000

전해산화수의 식품가공에의 적용 확대를 위해 전해산화수의 보관, 가열중 특성변화를 검토한 결과 저온 밀폐 용기에서의 보관이 산화환원전위, 차아염소산함량, pH 등의 전해산화 특성을 유지시킴에 있어 보다 효과적이었으며, 1개월 이상 1,150 mV의 산화환원전위를 유지시킬 수 있었다. 가열시 산화환원전위는 5$0^{\circ}C$까지는 가열 승온에 따라 점진적인 감소를 보인 후 95$^{\circ}C$까지는 다시 증가하여 95$^{\circ}C$에서는 1,150 mV 수준을 유지하였다. 차아염소산 함량도 산화환원전위와 유사한 경향을 보였으나 9$0^{\circ}C$에서 2$0^{\circ}C$의 초기치에 근접하는 43 ppm으로 상승하였다. Tyrosinase 효소에 대해서는 산화환원전위차 95 mV~l,140 mV인 전해산화수에서 약 75~84% 정도 활성이 저해되었으며, 사과와 감자 절편 및 주스 제조 시에도 전해산화수 처리구가 현저한 $\Delta$E값 차를 나타내어 갈변억제 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. Aldrin, Captafol 등 12종의 농약을 5ppm의 농도로 전해산화수에 첨가한 후 농약 잔류량을 분석한 결과 aldrin, captan, diazinon dieldrin, $\alpha$-endosulfan, $\beta$-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, $\alpha$-BHC, o,p'-DDT, procymidone, PCNB는 대조구인 증류수 첨가구에 비해 ND~73.6%의 수준이었으며, 상추에 직접 상업용 농약을 인위적으로 오염시킨후 전해산화수로 침지 세정한 결과, procymidone의 잔류량은 증류수 침지 세정 상추가 3.67 ppm인데 비해 전해산화수 침지 세정한 상추는 1.12 ppm을, diazinone의 잔류량은 증류수 침지 세정 상추가 3.05 ppm이었으나 전해산화수 침지세정 상추는 검출한계 이하로 나타났다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.285-290
• /
• 1997

Previously, a 50% aqueous methanol extract of Galla rhois was shown to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibition activity with an {TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}(the concentration causing 50% inhibition of tyrosinase activity) of 0.2mg/ml of 205 crude drug extracts. To isolate tyrosinase inhibitors, the methanol extract was evaporated to a small volume in vacuo, and then partitioned stepwise with benzene and ethyl acetate(EtOAc). the EtOAc fraction was solubilized in 10% MeOH solution, and then fractionated successively by Diaion HP-20 and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. Three phenolic compounds were isolated, and characterized as gallic acid(GA), methyl gallate(MG) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-$\beta$-D-glucose(PGG) by UV, IR, {TEX}${1}^H${/TEX}-&{TEX}${13}^C${/TEX}-NMR, and FAB-MS spectroscopy, PGG({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) showed a considerable inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase, while GA({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=1.6mg/ml) and MG({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=234$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) did not show an appreciable effect. Meanwhile, MG inhibited greatly melanogenesis in a murine melanocyte cell line, Mel-Ab. MG and PGG showed typical noncompetitive inhibition patterns against mushroom tyrosinase. These results suggest that PGG and MG may be potentially useful as either anti-browning or anti-melanogenic agents in foods and cosmetics.