• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 2004

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old ages. In the future AD will be the largest problem in public health service. From old times, much medicines have been used for treatment of dementia, but there is no medicine having obvious effects. AD is one of brain retrogression disease. So we studied on herbal medicine that have a relation for brain retrogression. From old times, in oriental medicine, senile disease such as dementia and AD is treated by exclusion of Tan(痰). But Vascular Dementia(VsD) is due to YuXue(瘀血). So in recent studies, Hua Xue Hua Yu(活血化瘀) medicine is used for precautionary and medical treatment. We studied on the effects for anti-Alzheimer in pCT105-induced neuroblastoma cell lines by Hyeolbuchukeo-tang(HCT). As the results of this study, in HCT group, the apoptosis in the nervous system is inhibited, the repair against the degeneration of Neuroblastoma cells by CT105 expression is promoted. These results indicate that HCT possess strong inhibitory effect of apoptosis in the nervous system and repair effect against the degeneration of neuroblastoma cells by CT105 expression.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.981-995
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• 2022

Cognitive dysfunction is a common symptom of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, and is known to be caused by the structural and functional loss of neurons. Many natural agents that can improve cognitive function have been developed and assessed for efficacy using various cognitive deficit animal models. As the gut environment is known to be closely connected to brain function, probiotics are attracting attention as an effective treatment target that can prevent and mitigate cognitive deficits as a result of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the objective of this review is to provide useful information about the types and characteristics of cognitive deficit animal models, which can be used to evaluate the anti-cognitive effects of probiotics. In addition, this work reviewed recent studies describing the effects and treatment conditions of probiotics on cognitive deficit animal models. Collectively, this review shows the potential of probiotics as edible natural agents that can mitigate cognitive impairment. It also provides useful information for the design of probiotic treatments for cognitive deficit patients in future clinical studies.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.290-294
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• 2021

Extracellular beta amyloid (Aβ) plaques are the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, reducing Aβ levels is considered a promising strategy for AD prevention. 3'-O-acetyl-24-epi-7,8-didehydrocimigenol-3-O-β-D-xylopryranoside significantly decreased the Aβ production and this effect was accompanied with reduced sAPPβ production known as a soluble ectodomain APP fragment through β-secretases in HeLa cells overexpressing amyloid precursor proteins (APPs). This compound also increased the level of sAPPα, which is a proteolytic fragment of APP by α-secretases. In addition, 3'-O-acetyl-24-epi-7,8-didehydrocimigenol-3-O-β-D-xylopryranoside decreased the protein level of β-secretases, but the protein levels of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, especially ADAM10 and ADAM17, are increased. Thus, 3'-O-acetyl-24-epi-7,8-didehydrocimigenol-3-O-β-D-xylopryranoside could be useful in the development of AD treatment in the aspect of amyloid pathology.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.103-121
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• 2005

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old age. In the near future AD will be the biggest problem in public health service. It has been widely believed that $A{\beta}$ peptide devided from APP causes apoptotic neurotoxicity in AD brain. However, recent evidence suggests that n99 may be an important factor causing neurotoxicity in AD. Mouse Neuro 2A cells expressed with CT99 exhibited remarkable apoptotic cell damage. We invesgated the protective effects of Ikgiansintang water extract(IGA). Findings from our experiment have shown that IGA inhibits the activities of CT99, which has neurotoxicities and apoptotic activities in cell line. In addition treatment of IGA($50{\mu}g/ml$ for 24 hours) partially prevented CT99-induced cytotoxicity in Neuro 2A cells. As the result of this study, In IGA group, the apoptosis in the nervous system is inhibited, the repair against the degerneration of Neuro 2A cells by n99 expression is promoted. Base on these findings, IGA may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1128-1142
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inonotus obliquus has been used as antidiabetic herb around the world, especially in the Russian and Scandinavian countries. Diabetes is widely believed to be a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is widely considered to be type III diabetes. To investigate whether I. obliquus can also ameliorate AD, it would be interesting to identify new clues for AD treatment. We tested the anti-AD effects of raw Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOP) in a mouse model of AD (3×Tg-AD transgenic mice). MATERIALS/METHODS: SPF-grade 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly divided into three groups (Control, Metformin, and raw IOP groups, n = 5 per group). β-Amyloid deposition in the brain was analyzed using immunohistochemistry for AD characterization. Gene and protein expression of pertinent factors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS: Raw IOP significantly reduced the accumulation of amyloid aggregates and facilitated UPS activity, resulting in a significant reduction in AD-related symptoms in an AD mouse model. The presence of raw IOP significantly enhanced the expression of ubiquitin, E1, and Parkin (E3) at both the mRNA and protein levels in the mouse hippocampus. The mRNA level of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1, a key factor involved in UPS activation, also increased by approximately 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Raw IOP could contribute to AD amelioration via the UPS pathway, which could be considered as a new potential strategy for AD treatment, although we could not exclude other mechanisms involved in counteracting AD processing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.193-194
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• 1998

Recently, evaluation of brain transport of taurine which is possible to effect on Alzheimer's disease has investigated in rats. Also, internal carotid artery perfusion (ICAP) method is very useful for measuring of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in rats. But ICAP has difficulties to evaluate of BBB permeability in mice especially. In the present study examines neuropharmaceutials permeability through the BBB in mice by common carotid artery perfusion (CCAP) method that modify ICAP method and require simple surgery. The external carotid artery (ECA) is cannulated with coagulating pterygopalatine artery (PPA) on ICAP method, while CCA is cannulated without coagulating PPA on CCAP method. The CCAP method require 4-5 fold higher infusion rate than ICAP method because an additional factor of 2 must be incorporated to adjust for fluid loss to the extracerebral circulation.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2024

Several anti-inflammatory small molecules have been found in the process of the inflammatory response, and these small molecules have been used to treat some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Numerous tools for predicting anti-inflammatory peptides (AIPs) have emerged in recent years. However, conducting experimental validations in the lab is both resource-intensive and time-consuming. Current therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune disorders often involve nonspecific anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressants, often with potential side effects. AIPs have been used in treating inflammatory illnesses like Alzheimer's disease and can limit the expression of inflammatory promoters. Recent advances in adverse incident predictions (AIPs) have been made, but it is crucial to acknowledge limitations and imperfections in existing methodologies.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.26-31
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• 2019

[Purpose] Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that it is possible to prescribe exercise for neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, despite the availability of diverse scientific knowledge, the effects of exercise in this regard are still unclear. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate a substance, such as black chokeberry (Aronia melanocapa L.) that could improve the ability of the treatment and enhance the benefits of exercising in neurodegenerative diseases. [Methods] The cell viability was tested with 2,3-bis[2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolim-5-carboxanilide and the cells were stained with ethidium homodimer-1 solution. The mRNA expression levels were evaluated by microarray. The active compounds of black chokeberry ethanolic extract (BCE) were analyzed by gas chromatography. The chemical shift analysis in the brain was performed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. [Results] BCE treatment decreased hydrogen peroxide-induced L6 cell death and beta amyloid induced primary neuronal cell death. Furthermore, BCE treatment significantly reduced the mRNA levels of the inflammatory factors, such as IL-1α, Cxcl13, IL36rn, Itgb2, Epha2, Slamf8, Itgb6, Kdm6b, Acvr1, Cd6, Adora3, Cd27, Gata3, Tnfrsf25, Cd40lg, Clec10a, and Slc11a1, in the primary neuronal cells. Next, we identified 16 active compounds from BCE, including D-mannitol. In vivo, BCE (administered orally at a dosage of 50 mg/kg) significantly regulated chemical shift in the brain. [Conclusion] Our findings suggest that BCE can serve as a candidate for neurodegenerative disease therapy owing to its cyto-protective and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, BCE treatment is expected to prevent damage to the muscles and neurons of the athletes who continue high intensity exercise. In future studies, it would be necessary to elucidate the effects of combined BCE intake and exercise.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.452-455
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• 2006

The in vitro cytoprotective and anti-oxidative effects of ursodeoxycholic acid, a major active compound from bear's gall were investigated in mouse brain microglia. In the present study, we wished to scrutinize the potential role of UDCA as an anti-neurodegenerative agent in neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. This concept was supported by the multiple preliminary studies in which UDCA has an anti-inflammatory effect in microglial cells. In the study, we found that $7.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ UDCA was effective in the protection of cells from $H_2O_2$ damage, a reactive oxygen, and the resuIt was coincided with the anti-apoptotic effect in DAPI staining. Moreover, the metal-catalyzed oxidation study showed that UDCA has antioxidant effect as much as ascorbic acid at $50{\sim}100\;{\mu}g/mL$. In conclusion, these study results suggested that neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease probably caused by over-expressed beta amyloid peptide in elderly people can be controled by UDCA through an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effect. The evidences showed in the study may be references for more in-depth in vivo and clinical studies for a candidate of anti-neurodegenerative therapy in the near future.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.93-101
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• 2006

Objectives : Increasing evidence has linked chronic inflammation to a number of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease(AD), Parkinson's disease(PD) and Huntington's disease(HD) in the inflammatory process. Uncontrolled activation of microglia may directly toxic to neurons by releasing various substances such as inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6), NO, PEG2 and superoxide. In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of the herbal extract Panax notoginseng on cultured BV2 microglial cells and primary microglia were investigated to address potential therapeutic or toxic effects. Notoginseng radix extracts extracted from the root of the plant using Methanol. Methods : Cells were stimulated with LPS and treated with notoginseng at different concentrations. Results : Notoginseng significantly decreased LPS-induced production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 by the cultured microglial cells in a dose-dependent manner. The activation of iNOS mRNA and secretion of nitric oxide(NO) in microglial cells were inhibited in microglial cells in a dose-dependent manner by notoginseng. Conclusion : These results indicate that notoginseng inhibits LPS-induced activation of microglial cells and demonstrates notoginseng possess anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties in vitro.