• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.581-598
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• 2006

In many epidemiological and medical studies, a number of cancer mortalities in categorical classification may be considered as having Poisson distribution with person-years at risk depending upon time. The cancer mortalities have been evaluated by additive or multiplicative models with regard to background and excess risks based on several covariances such as sex, age at the time of bombings, time at exposure, or ionizing radiation, cigarette smoking habits, duration of smoking habits, etc. An interest herein is to examine an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic relationship between radiation exposures and cigarette smoking habits for cancer mortalities. The results revealed a highly significant antagonistic in uence for cancer mortalities from all non-hematologic findings, lung and respiratory system with negative interaction between radiation exposures and cigarette smoking amounts.

• BMB Reports
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.429-435
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• 1996

To investigate the structure-antagonistic relationship of the cyclohexapeptide L-659,877, a selective NK-2 tachykinin receptor antagonist, seven analogues were chemically synthesized by a solid phase method. The agonistic and antagonistic activities of the analogues were evaluated by contraction assay using the smooth muscle of guinea pig trachea (GPT) containing the NK-2 receptor. It was shown that the aromatic ring of Phe at position 3 and the sulfur group of Met at position 6 in L-659,877 were essential for binding to the NK-2 receptor. Decrease in antagonistic activity of L-659,877 caused by substituting Leu for Nle at position 5 indicates that the ${\gamma}$ methyl group and side chain length of Leu plays an important role in its antagonistic action. Although the activity was slightly lower than L-659,877, cyclo $[{\beta}Ala^{8}]NKA(4-10)$ (analogue 1) showed potential antagonistic activity for the NK-2 receptor. It was confirmed that the expansion of the ring in L-659,877 by substitution of ${\beta}Ala$ for Gly at position 4 stabilized its conformation monitored by CD spectra. The results suggest that analogue 1 can be used as a new leader compound to design a more powerful, selective, and stable NK-2 receptor antagonist.

• 식물병연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2018

섬유소 분해 점액세균인 Sorangium cellulosum 균주들 중 Botrytis cinerea에 길항력을 갖는다고 보고한 4균주(Antagonistic to Botrytis, AB 계열)와 Colletotrichum acutatum에 길항력을 갖는다고 보고한 2균주(Antagonistic to Colletotrichum, AC 계열)를 5가지(A-E)의 S. cellulosum 아종(subspecies)으로 분류하였다. 분류 기준 유전자인 xynB1, bglA2, groEL1 세 유전자의 유전자 유무 및 염기서열 분석을 통해 AB 계열은 아종 C, AC 계열은 아종 D로 분류하였다. 또한, 배양추출물을 고효율 액체크로마토그래피(HPLC)로 분석한 아종 분류 결과 AB 계열 4균주는 머무름시간 20-22.5분에 유사한 특징 피크가 나타난 반면, AC 계열인 2균주는 특징 피크가 없으므로 AB 계열은 아종 C, AC 계열은 아종 D임을 재확인하였다. AB 계열 4균주들의 배양여액을 사용하여 방울토마토에 전처리 후 B. cinerea를 접종한 생물검정으로 방제가와 크로마토그램 특징 피크의 상대 면적값과의 상관분석 결과, 피크 면적이 큰 균주일수록 방제가도 높은 양의 상관관계($R^2=0.9652$)를 확인하였다. 아종 분류 결과 AB 계열은 아종 C의 대표 생리활성 물질의 파생물인 epothilone D로 추정되어, 이를 표준시료로 HPLC 분석한 결과 epothilone D의 머무름시간은 9.9분이었던 반면, KYC 3270 특성 피크의 머무름시간은 11.581분으로 달랐다. 따라서 우리는 AB 계열이 분비하는 생리활성 물질은 epothilone의 파생물인 7-ketone epothilone D로 추정하였다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.173.2-173.2
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• 2003

Vanilloid receptor I (VR1) is a nonselective cation ion channel placed in the plasma membrane of peripheral sensory neurons that is potential target for analgesia A series of N-4-substituted-benzyl-N'-tert-butylbenzyl thioureas were prepared for the study of their agonistic/antagonistic activities to the vanilloid receptor in rat DRG. Their structure-activity relationship in reveals that not only the two oxygens and amide hydrogen of sulfonamido group but also the optimal size of methyl in methanesulfonamido group play an integral role for the antagonistic activity on vanilloid receptor.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.201-212
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• 1999

In use of pesticides in golf courses has been increased steadily. Environmental concern as well as decrease in efficiency led the turfgrass management into an alternate approach of using beneficial microorganism to deal with turfgrass pests. This study was focused on the use of such microorganisms for improving cultural environment and minimizing the use of pesticides. Microorganisms antagonistic to turfgrass diseases were applied to zoysiagrass fairways and creeping bentgrass greens in Yusung country club. Tharch accumulation, disease occurrence, and other cultural environments were compared among the combinations of microorganisms and suppliemental N applications. The application of microorganisms antagonistic to turfgrass diseases improved turf resiliency. Thatch thickness was 3.03cm in the control plot but it was 2.11cm in plots treated by microorganisms, indicating significant effects of microorganism application on reduction of thatch accumulation. Number of microorganism that can decompose of cellulose was higher at the plots treated with useful microbial products and it was considered that existence of higher population of microorganisms resulted in reduction of thatch accumulation. In the evaluation of relationship between thatch accumulation and disease occurrence, greater thatch accumulation was observed at the golf courses which have been frequently infested by large patch. However, the rate of thatch accumulation varied among surveyed golf courses regardless of the year of turf establishment. Therefore, management practice which can be effective for reduction of thatch could result in large patch suppression. The application of microorganisms on the established turfgrasses reduced the occurrence rate of pythium blight and yellow path diseases, whereas occurrence of brown patch and dollar spot increased.

• 한국환경생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생물학회 2003년도 학술대회
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• pp.7-11
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• 2003

Interactions of both feminizing and masculinizing chemicals inducing imposex in gastropod were investigated with a long-term exposure experiment. Imposex-free rock shell(Thais-clavigera)was exposed to TBT and other antagonistic chemicals (nonylphenol and DDT), P450 inducer (phenobarbital) and natural sex hormone (estrogen) mixtures for 60 days. None of imposexed-females were found in control, sham (ethanol) and testosterone exposure group, on the other hand imposex was induced in the TBT and all the TBT+antagonist mixture groups. After 60-day exposure, frequency of imposexed-female ranged from 31-68%. Female mean penis length (FMPL) of imposexed-female ranged from 0.87-2.58 mm, and relative penis length indices were from 7.2 to 21.2%. However, the degrees of imposex were different among the exposure groups. The FMPLS of three exposure groups (TBT+estrogen, + DDT and +nonylphe- not) were less than that of the TBT exposure group. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities in gastropod decreased in the TBT and all the TBT+antagonist ekposure groups compared to the control group. A negative correlation was abtained between TBT body residue and EROD activity, while a positive relationship was obtained between 737 body residue and the degree of imposex except for the TBT +DDT exposure group. Although 737 concentration was relatively high in the TBT+DDT exposure group, the TBT +DDT exposure group demonstrated low EROD activity and low degree of imposex. These results indicate that a certain antagonistic effect of DDT occurred in induction of imposex by TBT.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.443-447
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• 2019

방향성탄화수소 수용체(Arylhydrocarbon Receptor, AhR)은 리간드에 의해 활성화되어 체내 외래물질의 대사를 조절하는 전사인자다. 생체 내에서 AhR의 생리학적 역할은 오랜 기간 연구되어 왔으나 활성화를 유발하지 않는 길항제를 비롯하여 유효한 화학적 도구가 아직 개발되지 않아 기능 연구가 제한적이다. AhR이 다양한 질병의 발병기전에서 중요한 역할을 수행한다는 것이 보고됨에 따라 약물 표적으로서 유효하다고 판단되나 치료나 예방을 위한 유효한 약물은 아직 개발되지 않았다. 길항제로 알려진 화합물들은 낮은 농도에서는 활성이 있어 연구 목적으로 활용되고 있으나 높은 농도에서는 방향성 탄화수소를 활성화하는 부분적 agonist로 작용한다. 이에 AhR 활성화를 유도하지 않는 순수한 길항제의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 이미 알려진 AhR 길항제의 골격인 phenyldiazenylphenylpicolinamide의 세 고리구조 중 두 고리구조에 존재하는 메틸 기들을 변형하여 활성을 평가하는 구조-활성 관계 연구를 통하여 새로운 길항제를 개발하고자 하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.729-733
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• 2015

C. elegans has two functional peroxidasins (PXN), PXN-1 and PXN-2. PXN-2 is essential to consolidate the extracellular matrix during development and is suggested to interact with PXN-1 antagonistically. pxn-1 is involved in neuronal development and possibly maintenance; therefore, we investigated the relationship between pxn-1 and pxn-2 in neuronal development and in aging. During neuronal development, defects caused by pxn-1 overexpression were suppressed by overexpression of both pxn-1 and pxn-2. In neuronal aging process, pxn-1 mutants showed less age-related neuronal defects, such as neuronal outgrowth, neuronal wavy processes, and enhanced short-term memory performance. In addition, pxn-2 overexpressing animals retained an intact neuronal morphology when compared with age-matched controls. Consistent with these results, overexpression of both pxn-1 and pxn-2 restored the severe neuronal defects present with pxn-1 overexpression. These results implied that there is a negative relationship between pxn-1 and pxn-2 via pxn-1 regulating pxn-2. Therefore, pxn-1 may function in neuronal development and age-related neuronal maintenance through pxn-2.

• 영어영문학
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.281-306
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• 2007

M. M. Bakhtin's dialogic concept of multi-voiced discourse allows us to open up the text of The Clerk's Tale and to account for its radical heterogeneity. Once we recognize the multi-voiced character of The Clerk's Tale, then what was heretofore regarded as discontinuous or ignored can be seen as the clash of several different world-views. Such a conceptual framework gives an added depth and scope to such thematic subjects as sovereignty, the status of women, and rhetorical style. There are three different and antagonistic voices involved in the tale's narration. These voices project different viewpoints or world-views, and they consequently engage each other in a polemic debate. Their relationship with each other is discontinuous and dialectical rather than continuous and harmonious. The first voice is the Petrarchan voice of moral allegory, which is the voice of tradition, authority, and high seriousness. This voice of moral allegory regards the story of Griselda as an exemplum of spiritual constancy and virtuous suffering. The second voice is the Clerkly voice of pathos based on human experience and feeling. This voice is defined by the Clerk's asides and apostrophes interspersed in the narrative proper, which function to engage the Petrarchan voice in a polemical debate. The third voice is the voice of parody, nominally identified with Chaucer the poet, which is located in the second ending, including Envoy. Whereas the other two voices are earnest and serious, the voice of parody is irrelevant, playful and antagonistic to both the Petrarchan voice of moral allegory and the Clerkly voice of secular humility.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.309-318
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• 2020

지금까지의 미야자키 하야오 작품 연구의 경향은 작품의 미학적 분석 및 사회적 의의에 치중되어 왔다. 본 논문은 3막 구조, 혹은 8 시퀀스 구조라고 불리는 내러티브 구조 및 주요 등장인물의 갈등을 유발하는 대립자 등 할리우드의 규범적 스토리텔링의 요소를 변주하여 차용하는 미야자키 하야오의 스토리텔링 전략에 대한 구체적인 분석을 수행하고, 이와 같은 변칙적인 스토리텔링으로 인해 야기될 수 있는 서사상의 단점이 해당 작품의 설화적, 그리고 동화적 성격으로 인해 상호보완 된 사례를 살핌으로써 미야자키 하야오 작품 연구의 다각화에 기여하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 주인공의 목표를 방해하는 특정 대립자의 존재 없이 상황과 인물 관계의 설정만으로 이에 상응하는 극적 효과를 성취한 <이웃집 토토로>와 첫 번째 대립자가 극의 중간점 전후로 아군으로 돌아서는 <하울의 움직이는 성>과 <센과 치히로의 행방불명>의 대안적 대립 운용의 사례를 살펴보았다. 또한 해당 작품들의 내러티브 전개가 서사 구조상의 구획을 축약하고 확장하는 등, 8 시퀀스 구조의 재구성을 통해 관객을 흥미를 효과적으로 유발하는 설화적 스토리텔링의 구조를 성취한 사례의 구체적인 분석을 수행하였다.