• 한국잔디학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국잔디학회 2002년도 제15차 한국잔디학회 정기총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.3-5
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• 2002

This study was carried out to get better understandings about morphological, ecological, and genetical characteristics of annual bluegrass collected from different golf courses in Korea and eventually to establish a successful control strategy. Twenty five local lines of annual bluegrass collected from 20 golf courses in Korea were classified into annual or perennial type on the basis of morphological characteristics. Twelve local lines showing obvious morphological differences were selected and then genetically assessed using RAPD analysis. Classification of the 12 local lines through RAPD analysis were considerably similar to that determined by both of morphological differences and phenotype. Responses of the two types of annual blugrass to herbicides were also examined. Shoot growth of annual bluegrass was significantly suppressed by flazasulfuron and the annual type was more susceptible than perennial type, regardless of flazasulfuron concentrations used. By pendimethalin treatment, there was no clear difference in susceptibility between the two types of annual bluegrass. However, by the treatment of dithiopyr, annual type was more sensitive than perennial type in both shoot and root growth. Nine tree species were screened to detect their allelopathic potential on turfgrasses and annual bluegrass. Acacia (Robinia pseudo-acacia) leaves showed selective inhibition in the shoot and root growth as well as their seed germination when treated with 2% and 10%(v/v) of the extract. However, the other leaf extracts except acacia inhibited non-selectively the growth of three turfgrass species such as bentgrass, perennial ryegrass and zoysiagrass and annual bluegrass. The PAL activities of annual bluegrass increased at 24 h after treatment of acacia leaf extract and peaked at 36 h and then decreased till 60h. The highest PAL activity was observed at 36h after treatment of 10%. The highest activity of CA4H in annual bluegrass was observed at 2h after treatment of acacia extract and the level was 4 times greater than that of the control. The phenolic acids such as p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid and ferulic acid were increased with the treatment of acacia leaf extract. The chloroplast membrane and cell wall of annual bluegrass were destroyed by treatment of acacia leaf extract and its inner materials were released. The membranes in annual bluegrass cells might be destroyed by phytotoxic compounds from acacia leaf extract.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2013

Based on 440 skulls recently collected from two areas of the wild ass population in Mongolia, the time course of tooth eruption and replacement was investigated. The dentition pattern allows identification of age up to five years. We also conclude that annual lines in the tooth cementum can be used to determine the age in years for wild asses older than five years after longitudinal tooth sections were made with a low-speed precision saw. The first upper incisor proved to be most suitable for age determination, although the starting time of cement deposition is different between the labial and lingual sides of the tooth. The accurate age of the wild ass can be determined from the number of annual lines and the time before the first formation of the cementum at the respective side of the tooth.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2023

Spring black stem and leaf spot, caused by Phoma medicaginis, is an issue in annual Medicago species. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the response to P. medicaginis infection in a collection of 46 lines of three annual Medicago species (M. truncatula, M. ciliaris, and M. polymorpha) showing different geographic distribution in Tunisia. The reaction in the host to the disease is explained by the effects based on plant species, lines nested within species, treatment, the interaction of species × treatment, and the interaction of lines nested within species × treatment. Medicago ciliaris was the least affected for aerial growth under infection. Furthermore, the largest variation within species was found for M. truncatula under both conditions. Principal component analysis and hierarchical classification showed that M. ciliaris lines formed a separate group under control treatment and P. medicaginis infection and they are the most vigorous in growth. These results indicate that M. ciliaris is the least susceptible in response to P. medicaginis infection among the three Medicago species investigated here, which can be used as a good candidate in crop rotation to reduce disease pressure in the field and as a source of P. medicaginis resistance for the improvement of forage legumes.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.349-367
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• 2019

부산광역시의 시내버스 준공영제 실시 이후 운영 효율성 요인을 실증적으로 분석하였다. DEA 분석결과, CRS의 경우 지하철 1호선과 환승 가능한 버스노선의 연도별 효율성은 2010년도가 가장 높았다. 지하철 2호선과 환승 가능한 버스노선의 연도별 효율성은 CRS 평균이 연차적으로 점차 향상되어 2016년 0.923로 가장 크게 나타났다. 지하철 3호선과 환승 가능한 버스노선의 연도별 효율성이 2009년부터 2015년까지는 점차 향상되는 모습을 보이다가 2016년도에는 다시 하락하였다. 전체 134개 노선의 4개 연도 536개 노선 중 비효율적으로 나타난 노선은 205개이다. 205개 노선의 효율성을 제고하기 위해서는 규모의 축소 즉, 노선의 운행횟수 등을 감축해야 함을 시사하고 있다. 또한 Tobit 회귀분석을 활용하여 분석결과, 운영 효율성 지수에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 요인으로서는 소요시간이 가장 컸고, 그 다음으로 이용객수, 환승객수의 순으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 1993

The airborne concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide and Total Suspended Particulates were investigated in 4 subway lines in Seoul at early summer, 1990 and early summer, 1991. The results of the study were as follows: 1. The airborne concentrations of SO$_2$ and TSP were 0.022 ppm, 445.7 $\mu$g/m$^3$ respectively. And percents of over annual air quality standard of WHO was that SO$_2$ and TSP were 41.7%, 100% respectively. 2. Airborne SO$_2$ concentrations by subway lines were that line 1 was 0.025 ppm, line 2 was 0.023 ppm, line 3 was 0.020 ppm, and line 4 was 0.017 ppm. And TSP concentrations by subway lines were that line 2 was 533.8 $\mu$g/m$^3$, line 1 was 516.5 $\mu$g/m$^3$, line 4 was 371.6 $\mu$g/m$^3$, and line 3 was 369.3 $\mu$g/m$^3$ 3. Annual variation of concentration of TSP was not significant statistically (t=0.327), and that of SO$_2$, in 1990 was slightly higher than that in 1991 (t=1.433, p<0.1). 4. Coefficients of correlation between TSP and SO$_2$ by years were that early summer, 1990 was r=0.277 (p>0.1), and early summer, 1991 was r=0.32 (p>0.1).

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2006년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.341-345
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• 2006

zArchitect Kim lung-up used free-curved lines as his architectural language. We can categorize his language into 'overlapped curved lines' and 'juxtaposed circles.' We found that his language was expressed well when he applied a specific material, for example, overlapped curved lines - concrete and juxtaposed circles - brick. Furthermore, using the plasticity of concrete, he built roofs and columns in a curved form. He also created reliefs on the walls out of the characteristics of bricks. It can be evidence that he considered forms and characteristics of materials to design buildings. This research mainly focuses on his design method to use free-curved lines with specific materials based on the analyses of forms and materials applied in his architecture buildings and art works

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.275-278
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• 2006

This paper describes a probabilistic annual congestion cost assessment of a grid at a composite power system derived from a model. This probabilistic congestion cost assessment simulation model includes capacity limitation and uncertainties of the generators and transmission lines. In this paper, the proposed probabilistic congestion cost assessment model is focused on an annualized simulation methodology for solving long-term grid expansion planning issues. It emphasizes the questions of "how should the uncertainties of system elements (generators, lines and transformers, etc.) be considered for annual congestion cost assessment from the macro economic view point"? This simulation methodology comes essentially from a probabilistic production cost simulation model of composite power systems. This type of model comes from a nodal equivalent load duration curve based on a new effective load model at load points. The characteristics and effectiveness of this new simulation model are illustrated by several case studies of a test system.

• 기술사
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2009

The modal split structure of the Korea's transportation system has been dominated by road-oriented structure. The shortage of the inftrastructure to accommodate the rapidly increasing travel demand has brought about socio-economic losses such as severe traffic congestion and high logistic costs, and thereby weakened the competitiveness of the country. Highway transportation sector is more vulnerable to energy consumption comparing with railway sector since the highway sector is dependent mostly on fossil fuels for its energy source. In 2006 annual road cogestion costs in Korea reached 24.6 trillion won, with an average annual growth rate of 5.4%. The annual road congestion cost of intercity highways were 9.2 trillion won. As the new cities that recently developed are located far from Seoul area, the boundary of commuting in Seoul metropolitan area is extended. It makes passengers have longer trips with longer travel time, and the congestion problem to be more serious. In this regards, Gyeonggi Provincial Government proposed a deeper underground metropolitan express train system for the greater Metropolitan area. which is named as GTX. Gyeonggi Province suggested 3 key underground lines, based on the outcome of the feasibility study conducted by the Korea Society of Transportation, and submitted to the Ministry of Land Transportation and Maritime Affairs for its review. If the project is approved for construction and completed in 2016, the daily volume of surface traffic bound for Seoul will be reduced substantially and therefore the users will be benefitted for time savings by an annual amount of 2 trilion won every year.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2011년도 제42회 하계학술대회
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• pp.361-363
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• 2011

This paper proposes a method for choosing the best transmission system expansion(TEP) plan considering an annual outage cost and a probabilistic transmission system reliability criterion ($_RLOLE_{TS}$). The objective method minimizes a total cost which are an investment budget for constructing new transmission lines and an annual outage cost, subject to the probabilistic transmission system reliability criterion, which consider the uncertainties of power system facilities. Test results on an existing 21-bus system are included in the paper. It demonstrated the suitability of the proposed method for solving the transmission system expansion planning problem subject to practical future uncertainties.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.203-227
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• 2013

Global demand for dwelling energy and implications of changing climatic conditions on buildings confront the built environment to build sustainable dwellings. This study investigates the variability of future climatic conditions on newly built detached dwellings in the UK. Series of energy modelling and simulations are performed on ten detached houses to evaluate and predict the impact of varying future climatic patterns on five building performance indicators. The study identifies and quantifies a consistent declining trend of building performance which is in consonance with current scientific knowledge of annual temperature change prediction in relations to long term climatic variation. The average percentage decrease for the annual energy consumption was predicted to be 2.80, 6.60 and 10.56 for 2020s, 2050s and 2080s time lines respectively. A similar declining trend in the case of annual natural gas consumption was 4.24, 9.98 and 16.1, and that for building emission rate and heating demand were 2.27, 5.49 and 8.72 and 7.82, 18.43 and 29.46 respectively. The study further analyse future heating and cooling demands of the three warmest months of the year and ascertain future variance in relative humidity and indoor temperature which might necessitate the use of room cooling systems to provide thermal comfort.