• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2003

Nitrate contamination by human activities is a serious problem to water-supply in agricultural area. Shallow groundwater is the main source of water-supply, but it is very sensitive to contamination. Study area for nitrate contamination is a region of Iljuk, Kyunggi where is an agricultural area having many livestock facilities in various scales. As a result, the points having availability of incoming of external contaminant are 77%, and the ones over the Drinking Water Limit (DWL) are 32～42%. For a nitrogen isotope analysis, all the points having availability of incoming of external contaminant have $\delta$$^{15}$ N-NO$_3$ values over 5$\textperthousand$, and the points of 59% are strongly affected by nitrogen originated from animal wastes. The major source of nitrate in this area is intensive livestock facilities. Even though a livestock facility had enclosed, it affects groundwater quality for a long time. The chemical property of contaminant source is various according to animal species in surface water, but not in groundwater since some solutes are removed by reactions during an inflow to subsurface.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2009

Classification of land uses and analysis of nitrogen isotope fractionation in groundwater nitrate were carried out to examine its contamination sources in Jeju province. ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of urea (hydrolyzed with urease), ammonium sulfate, compost, water from septic tank were -1.7, -5.8, +14.1, and +24.0‰, respectively. Urea, when it was directly distillated, showed -16.5‰. Based on these ${\delta}^{15}N$ values, sources of nitrate could be classified as originated from chemical fertilizers with ${\delta}^{15}N$ values below +5‰ and as from animal manure or municipal waste with ${\delta}^{15}N$ values over +10‰. Results of ${\delta}^{15}N$ analysis of 33 wells showed that most wells had the chemical fertilizers as their dominant contamination source. However, some wells were contaminated by other sources: animal wastes or municipal wastes. Some wells were also contaminated by the combined sources of nitrate. It was also demonstrated that ${\delta}^{15}N$ analysis could be a useful tool even in the case where no apparent contamination source is found.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.789-797
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• 2018

This study investigated the activity of crude enzymes obtained from Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo on milk proteins. In the milk processing industry, there is an increasing interest in the addition of functional materials to dairy products or functional peptides isolated from milk proteins. First, Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo was separated into core, flesh, and peel regions, and crude enzymes were obtained from the individual regions. The activity of the obtained crude enzymes was measured using casein and gelatin agar. The crude enzyme obtained from the flesh of Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo decomposed gelatin, but the activity of the crude enzymes obtained from the peel and core regions was insignificant. On the other hand, the crude enzymes obtained from the flesh and core regions of Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo had a remarkable enzymatic activity in casein agar. However, the activity of the crude enzyme obtained from the peel region was insignificant. In addition, the crude enzymes obtained from the individual regions were mixed with casein to induce reactions, and the degradation patterns were investigated through electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the results, the crude enzymes from Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo degraded milk proteins. Thus, the results of this study can be used in studies on functionality. Additionally, it is expected that the use of pear peels and cores in the milk processing industry would greatly contribute to the reduction of food waste.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.3034-3042
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• 2022

The results of radioecological monitoring of the cooling pond Beloyarsk NPP (Russia) have been presented. The influence of waste technological waters of thermal and fast NPP reactors on the content of artificial radionuclides in surface waters and bottom sediments of the Beloyarsk reservoir has been studied. The long-term dynamics of the specific activity of ⁶⁰Co, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs and ³H in the main components of the freshwater ecosystem at different distances from the source of radionuclide discharge has been estimated. Critical radionuclides (⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs), routes of their entry and periods of maximum discharge of radioisotopes into the cooling pond have been determined. It is shown that the technology of electricity generation at Beloyarsk NPP, based on fast reactors, has a much smaller effect on the flow of artificial radionuclides into the freshwater ecosystem of the reservoir. During the entire period of monitoring studies, the decrease in the specific activity of radionuclides from NPP origin in surface waters was 4.3-74.5 times, in bottom sediments 10-505 times. The maximum discharge of artificial radionuclides into the reservoir was noted during the period of restoration and decontamination work aimed at eliminating emergencies at the AMB thermal reactors of the first stage of the Beloyarsk NPP.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.707-716
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• 2023

The influence of waste technological waters of thermal and fast reactors of Beloyarsk NPP (Russia) on the accumulation of ⁶⁰Co, ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in macrophytes and ichthyofauna of the cooling pond has been studied. Critical radionuclides, routes of their entry into the ecosystem and periods of maximum discharge of radioisotopes into the cooling pond have been determined. It is shown that the technology of electricity generation at the Beloyarsk NPP, based on fast reactors, has a much smaller effect on the release of artificial radionuclides into the environment. Therefore, during the entire period of monitoring studies (1976-2019), the decrease in the specific activity of radionuclides of NPP origin in macrophytes was 13-25800 times, in ichthyofauna 1.5-44.5 times. The maximum discharge of artificial radionuclides into the Beloyarsk reservoir was noted during the period of restoration and decontamination work aimed at eliminating the emergencies at the AMB reactors of NPP. The factors influencing the accumulation of artificial radionuclides in the components of the freshwater ecosystem of the Beloyarsk cooling pond have been determined, including: the physicochemical nature of radioisotopes, their concentration in surface water, the temperature of the aquatic environment, the trophicity of the reservoir, the species of hydrobionts.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.91-98
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide a design and operation technical guideline for meeting the appropriate design criteria to bio-gasification facilities treating organic wastes. 9 anaerobic digestion facilities which is normally operated during the field survey and 14 livestock manure farms were selected for precision investigation. the physicochemical analysis was performed on the moisture and organic contents, nutrients composition (carbohydrate, fat, protein), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and nitrogen, etc. Volatile solids (VS) of organic wastes brought into the bio-gasification facilities were 2.81 % (animal manure only) and 5.92 % (animal manure+food waste), respectively. Total solids (TS) reults of samples from livestock farms were 5.6 % in piglets and 11~13 % in other kinds of breeding pigs. The actual methane yield based on nutrients contents was estimated to $0.36Sm^3CH_4/kgVS$ which is equivalent to 72 % of theoretical methane yield value. The optimum mixing ratio depending on the effect of the combined bio-gasification was obtained through the continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) which is operated at different mixing ratio of swine manure and food waste leachate. The range of swine manure and food waste leachate from 60:40 to 40:60 were adequate to the appropriate conditions of anaerobic digestion; less than 100 gTS/, more than alkalinity of 1 gCaCO3/L, C/N ratio 12.0~30.0, etc.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2005

This study investigated the effect of dried food-waste diets(FW) fermented by Aspergillus oryzae(AO), on broiler growth performance, $NH_3$, emission and fecal microflora. Three hundreds broilers, two week old Hubbard strain, were randomly allotted to 4 experiments and fed with standards early boiler diet replaced with FW and AFW. In experiment 1, eighty four broilers were distributed into 7 treatments with 4 pens at 3 birds per replicate(pen). The dietary treatments ; T1 was com-soy bean meal based broiler diet(Control), T2, T3, T4 were for basal diet replaced with dried food waste without AO(FW) at the level of 20, 40 and $60\%$, respectively and T5, T6 and T7 followed the same levels for the basal diet but using Aspergillus oryzae inoculate food-waste(AFW). For experiments 2, 3, 4, seventy two broilers were distributed into 6 treatments with 4 pens at 3 birds per replicate(pen), respectively. The dietary treatments were the com-soy bean meal based broiler diet replacement with different combinations of FW and AFW, 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1. at level of 20, 40 and $60\%$, respectively. In Exp. 1, it tended to be decreased in weight gain, however, there were no statistical differences among treatments except FW $60\%$ level of replacement(p<0.05). Feed intake and feed efficiency was not different among treatments. Total bacterial counts were not different between the control and FW diet, but E. coli decreased as the AFW levels of replacement were increased(p<0.05). There were no differences in weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency among treatments in Exp. 2 and weight gains were lower fur FW diet compared with the control and AFW diet in Exp. 3(p<0.05). In Exp. 4, there were no differences in feed intakes among treatments, but lower in weight gain and feed efficiency in FW diet than that the control. In experiment 3, the $NH_3$ emission was the highest among treatments in FW/AFW 1:0 diet(p<0.05). From these results, it seems that FW would be supplemented up to $20\%$ in broiler diets and AO culture extract could improve FW value as feed supplements.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2020

Biogas production potential was experimentally estimated for mono- and co-digestion of cow manure and waste grass. The two organic wastes were mixed at five different ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on the volatile solids basis, and were assessed using biochemical methane potential (BMP) test. Thee reaction temperatures, 25℃, 30℃ and 35℃, were applied as well, resulting in 15 different combinations for the test. The results showed that both higher temperature and waste grass mixing ratio resulted in higher methane yield and maximum methane production rate. Based on the experimental results, a theoretical farm- or community-scale (240 or 2400 ㎥) anaerobic digester was designed to evaluate the energy balance associated with mono- and co-digestion of the wastes at different temperatures. Although the energy production increased as the temperature and the waste grass mixing ratio increased, the net energy gain, energy production subtracted by energy consumption for heating and maintenance, was estimated to be the highest at 30℃, followed by at 35℃ and 25℃. Therefore, it is advised that both the experimental methane production and the detailed design parameters must be considered for the optimization of the net energy gain from these wastes.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.136-147
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• 2000

The aim of this research was to examine the management practices related to foodservice.clinical nutrition service provided by hospital foodservice operations. A survey of 30 hospital food nutrition service departments was undertaken and detailed information was collected from each, including surveys of 176 dietitians and 30 foodservice managers. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS/win 6.11 package for descriptive analysis and t-test. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : Out of 30 hospitals, 73.3%(22) were directly operated and 26.7%(8) were under contract foodservice management. Licensed number of beds were 768.7, with an average length of 11.4 days. The general characteristics of the dietitians were that 49.4% were aged between 25-29, and 60.8% were ordinary dietitians. 76.7% had bachelor's degree, 15.9% with master's degree and 7.4% were college graduates. Most hospital dietitians had internship training and 35.2% took a training course of 6 to 12 months. The average space of kitchen was 452.52 $m^2$, with 133.63$m^2$ for modified diet space and 18.13$m^2$ for nutrition counselling room space. The total number of normal meals was 1,255.47, with 502.93 of modified meals. The average calorie of normal meals was 2,145.04kcal, with 91.9g of protein contained in normal meal. The total food waste was 351.40kg. An average monthly cost for disposing food waste was 745,171.67 won. 83.3% of the kitchens were on the 1st basement and only 66.7%(20) of 30 hospitals had its own nutrition counselling room. 80% used dishwashers and 66.7% had an exclusive elevator for delivering meals. 80.0% of hospitals used centralized delivery service. 90% had established an area for hygiene division, 70% used dry zone within the dishwashers for sterilization, 66.7% provided spoon and chopstick, and 100% used dish cover. As means of food waste treatment, most hospitals(56.7%) used animal feed by contracters, followed by means of collection by contracters(30%) and in-house high speed fermentation machines(13.3%). It was found that only 33.3% hospitals regularly checked temperatures of the meals given to patients. Total productivity index was 3.72(meals/hour) in average, with an average productivity index for normal diet of 5.41. Average productivity index for modified diet was 4.62. Productivity indices for patient meals and clinical nutrition were 5.01(meals/hour) and 1.12(cases/hour) respectively and hospitals under self-operated foodservice management received higher points on clinical nutrition productivity index(P<0.01) than hospitals under contract foodservice management.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1993

Spirulina platensis NIES 39 was grown in effluents from a wastewater treatment plant utilizing activated sludge process at a pig farm to reduce pollutants and to produce feed resources. The addition of 2 g/l NaCl was required for the growth of S. platensis in the effluents with about 100 mg/l ammonia nitrogen concentration. The growth was stimulated by the addition of 2 g/l sodium bicarbonate and 4 mg/l ferrous sulfate. The microorganism grew well at pH 8~11, and the optimum pH for the growth was 10. The algal concentration of 1.1 g/l was attained after 8 days of growth at the optimum condition with the removal of 95% ammonia nitrogen and 34% phosphorus.