• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.211-216
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to determine the degradability of cassava chip (CC), cassava waste (CW), yellow sweet potato (YP), white sweet potato (WP), purple sweet potato (PP), corn meal (CM), and rice bran (RB) using in situ technique. Two ruminally fistulated steers with an average weight of $303{\pm}10kg$ were used to determine in situ degradabilities of DM and OM. Seven feed sources were weighted in nylon bags ($38{\mu}m$ pore size) and incubated ruminally for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. The results showed that asymptote (a+b) and effective degradability (ED) of DM of energy sources ranked from the highest to the lowest; CC, YP, WP, PP, RB, CW, and CM (99.3, 92.5; 97.6, 87.9; 97.5, 87.9; 97.2, 87.8; 87.5, 63.6; 78.6, 63.0 and 81.7; 59.3, respectively) and for OM asymptote (a+b) and effective degradability (ED) were similar to those of degradation of DM (99.4, 93.4; 98.8, 89.8; 98.5, 89.4; 98.4, 88.1; 92.4, 65.8; 85.1, 66.9 and 83.6, 63.3, respectively). It was concluded that disappearance characteristic of CC was the highest and it may potentially facilitate the achievement of optimal ruminal availability of energy: protein especially with NPN for microbial protein synthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.755-762
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the influence of varying fibrous diets on fecal characteristics of growing pigs. Methods: A total of 104 pigs (initial weight $18{\pm}2.0kg$) were used in the study. They were housed in individual pens and fed on diets containing maize cob, grass hay, lucerne hay, maize stover, and sunflower husk. These fibers were included at 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g/kg. Fecal and urine samples were collected. Results: Fecal output was largest amongst pigs fed on diets containing grass hay and maize stover (p<0.05). Nitrogen content was highest in feces from pigs fed on sunflower husk (p<0.05). Pigs fed on diets containing maize stover and maize cobs produced the largest concentrations of short chain fatty acids. Acetate concentration was high in feces of pigs fed maize stover than those fed grass hay and lucerne hay (p<0.05). As the level of fiber inclusion increased, fecal consistency and nitrogen content increased linearly (p<0.05). Urea nitrogen decreased as the inclusion level increased across all the fibers (p<0.05), with maize cobs containing the largest content of urea nitrogen. As dietary fiber content increased, fecal nitrogen content also increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that different fiber sources influence fecal characteristics, thereby having different implications on pig waste management. It is vital to monitor fiber inclusion thresholds so as to easily manage environmental pollutants such as butyrate that contribute to odors.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.212-220
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• 1983

In order to improve the quality of sweet potato silage by adding some additives. sweet potatos (80%) were ensiled with one (20%) of the followings ; wheat bran, layer waste, swine waste or cow waste. The chemical composition, pH and acid contents of silages were determined. In addition, the silage intakes by Korean native goats were measured to estimate the palatability. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The pH of silages were decreased from the criginal 6.95 to 4.00 for WBAS (wheat bran added silage), to 4.50 for LWAS (layer waste added silage), to 4.40 for SWAS (swine waste added silage) and to 4. 10 for CWAS (cow waste added silage) after 40 days ensiling. 2. The contents of total acid and latic acid were 3.50% and 3. 32% for WBAS, 9.55% and 9.23% for LWAS, 8.51% and 8.50% for SWAS and 0.93% and 0.90% for CWAS, respectively. Therefore, good results for acid content were abtained from WBAS, LWAS and SWAS. 3. The bacterial counts were $2.6{\times}10^7/g$ for WBAS, $2.8{\times}10^7/g$ for LWAS, $2.6{\times}10^7/g$ for SWAS and $1.9{\times}10^7/g$ for CWAS. The number of lactic acid bacteria were $4.0{\times}10^7/g$ for WBAS, $5.5{\times}10^7/g$ for LWAS, 4.6{\times}10^7/g$ for SWAS, and $4.2{\times}10^7/g$ for CWAS. 4. The content of crude protein was highest in LWAS, that of crude fat was highest in SWAS and that of crude fiber was highest in CWAS. The contents of crude protein and crude fat in the silages were slightly increased while the moisture contents decreased as the fermentation was progressed. 5. The silage intakes by Korean native goat were slightly lower for animal-wasie-added silages than wheat-bran-added silage. Among the animal-added silage, the intakes of LWAS and SWAS were slightly higher than CWAS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.465-468
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• 2002

Land application is one of the desirable management practices for animal wastes. Majority of livestock farms adopt composting and land applications for the management of animal waste in this country. Meanwhile, there are only a few studies related with the effects of land application on pollutant loading. This study investigates the water quality characteristics in a rural watershed with intensive livestock farming. The results indicate that major constituents of water quality are substantially increased at the sites near livestock farms and compost incorporated fields during the rainfall-runoff periods. There are no significant differences of water quality parameters among the sampling sites during no rain periods.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to provide information for the livestock for the livestock carcass composting operation in agricultural waste management. Burial, landfilling and incineration of livestock carcass may have environmental regulatory and economic liabilities. Dead animals amended with agricultural residues can be composted and used to promote soil fertility and reduce environmental pollution. In this study we evaluated the effect of amendments on the primary and secondary composting reaction and stability of compost. The full-scale composting bin of swine carcass in roofed system with three amendments was adequate in reaching sufficient temperature above 55$^{\circ}C$ long enough to kill the pathogen. The average temperature of the compost material in dead swine amended with corn stover increased rapidly to 64$^{\circ}C$ on the 2nd day after primary composting and dropped to near ambient temperature on the 140th day of composting. The composting with of corn stover and wheat straw are more efficient for swine carcass composting than that of sawdust. Therefore, the amendment property is an important factor in the design of composting facility.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-28
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• 2002

Regarding the dangers to soil, water and air, which come from current agricultural application measures for nitrogen, a sectoral approach for a non-polluting liquid manure utilization cannot be used any longer. Slurry was not any longer considered as a tiresome waste produced of animal husbandry, but as a valuable fertilizer. The goal of the largest possible utilization of slurry on the farm was and still is in the foreground, An Integrated system approach has to be found. leading to a drastic improvement of nutrient utilization and hence to a considerably reduced nutrient use. This can only be expected, if the organic manure can be applicated at times, when losses through leaching and volatilization can be minimized. The necessary investments for such concepts can clearly be reduced through cooperation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.705-711
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste (FVW), on organic eggs production, calcium utilization, antibody response, serum immunoglobulin, and serum cytokine concentration at early phase of production in laying hens. Methods: A total 210, 19 weeks old aged ISA Brown layers were randomly assigned into 5 equal treatment groups, with 7 replications of 6 hens each. Dietary treatment included a standard basal diet as control; antibiotic (0.05% flavomycin); 2% FVW; 4% FVW; and 6% FVW. The experimental duration was 10 weeks. Results: There was no significant differences (p>0.05) on hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among experimental groups. Unmarketable eggs were significantly lower (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW fed groups than control group. The calcium retention and calcium in egg shell deposition were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW inclusion groups than control and antibiotic groups. Antibody titers against Newcastle diseases were significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW fed group (except combined with 4% FVW at day 147) and infectious bronchitis were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups (except 2% FVW and 4% FVW at day 161) than control and antibiotic groups. Serum immunoglobulin sIgA was significantly higher (p<0.05) in all levels of FVW and IgG was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 4% FVW than control and antibiotic groups. Serum cytokine concentration interleukin-2 (IL-2) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW; IL-6 and tumor necrotic $factor-{\alpha}$ were significantly higher (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW than control and antibiotic groups; IL-4 was significantly higher (p<0.05) in antibiotic, 2% FVW and 4% FVW fed groups than control. Conclusion: F. velutipes mushroom waste can be used as a novel substitute for antibiotic for organic egg production and sound health status in laying hens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.960-966
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein supplementation of green tea waste (GTW) on the performance of lactating cows. Another aim was to increase resource utilization and to eliminate any environmental negative impact from the tea waste. GTW from a beverage company was ensiled at a low pH (<4.0) and high acetic acid and lactic acid concentration, and it contained high crude protein (CP, 34.8%), total extractable tannins (TET, 9.2%) and condensed tannin (CT, 1.7%). Two experiments were conducted to investigate the palatability and performance in lactating cows fed GTW. In the palatability trial, three lactating cows were allocated to three dietary treatments in a 3$\times$3 Latin square design. The animals were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) including GTW at rates of 0, 2.5 and 5.0% on a dry matter (DM) basis. Total DM intake was not different among the treatments. In the performance trial, four lactating cows were used in a 2$\times$2 Latin square design with a 3 week sampling period. GTW was incorporated into TMR at a rate of 5.0% on a DM and 10.0% on a CP basis. Thus GTW replaced alfalfa hay and soybean meal at a level of 25.0% on a DM. DM and CP intake were not affected by the inclusion of GTW, whereas TET and CT intake were significantly increased (p<0.001). Milk production, milk composition and the efficiency of milk production were not altered by the GTW inclusion. Although ruminal pH and VFA, and blood urea nitrogen were not changed, ruminal $NH_{3}-N$ and plasma total cholesterol were relatively low in the GTW group, but not significantly different. The excretion of urinary purine derivatives and estimated MN supply were also not significantly affected by GTW treatment. It is therefore concluded that GTW can be used as a protein source without any detrimental effects on the performance of lactating cows.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 1993

농업폐기물중 유기물이 상당부분인 축산폐기물(분뇨)는 하천의 수질악화, 호소의 부영양화 및 지하수오염 등의 자연환경오염의 주범중의 하나로 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 축산폐기물은 그 처리방법에 따라서 환경오염을 줄일 뿐만 아니라, 적정공정을 통하여 퇴비화에 의한 자원화가 가능하다는 것은 이미 알려진 사실이다. 대체적으로 기초적이며 공통적인 부분에 관한 축산폐기물 처리시설 및 공정체계는 이미 제품화가 되어 가동중에 있고, 단지 지역적 특성이나 다양한 규모의 제약조건하에서 실행가능한 중소규모 시설에 관해서는 일련의 실험들을 통하여 개발ㆍ적응해 나가고 있는 추세라 할 수 있겠다.(중략)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.214-216
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• 1993

Cow's liquid manure (CLM), an animal waste, was treated by a batch algal culture to remove inorganic nutrients. CLM used in this study was especially high in concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. The optimum dilution ratio of the CLM for maximum algal growth was 1:25. Ninety five percent of inorganic nitrogen and 100％ of inorganic phosphorus were removed from the CLM with a dilution ratio of 1:25.