• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2011

Background: Postlaminectomy peridural fibrosis is inevitable. Some studies have compared and identified the effects of high molecular weight hyaluronic acids (HMWHA) and low molecular weight hyaluronic acids (LMWHA) on peridural fibrosis in postlaminectomy animal models. However, no studies have been found that compare pain behaviors between hyaluronic acids or among hyaluronic acids and other solid materials. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between pain-related behaviors and histopathologic changes in laminectomized rats using various peridurally administered materials. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats, laminectomized at the L5 and L6 levels, were divided into four groups: group C, laminectomy only; group L, laminectomy and LMWHA application; group H, laminectomy and HMWHA application; group F, laminectomy and fat interposition. Pain behaviors were checked before, 3 days, 1 week, and 3 weeks after surgery. Histopathological changes were checked at the L5 level 3 weeks after the surgery. Results: The 50% withdrawal thresholds in groups L and H were higher than that in groups C and F three days after laminectomy (P < 0.05). The paw withdrawal time did not change among the groups and in each group during the study period. Peridural fibrosis in group F was significantly lower than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Hyaluronic acids significantly reduced mechanical allodynia but not thermal hyperalgesia. Peridural fibrosis did not show any correlation with pain behaviors. There have been limited studies on the correlation between peridural fibrosis and pain behavioral change, which should be verified by further studies.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1614-1625
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• 2020

A number of species of the genus Trichilia (Meliaceae) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of Trichilia martiana C. DC. (TM) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation has not, to the best of our knowledge, yet been determined. Therefore, in the present study, the antiinflammatory effect of TM on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages was evaluated. The ethanol extract of TM (TMEE) significantly inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin 2 (PGE₂), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). TMEE also reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. The upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB activation was revealed to be downregulated following TMEE pretreatment. Furthermore, TMEE was indicated to lead to the nucleus translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In H292 airway epithelial cells, the pretreatment of TMEE significantly downregulated the production of LPS-stimulated IL-1β, and TMEE was indicated to increase the expression of HO-1. In animal models exhibiting LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI), treatment with TMEE reduced the levels of macrophages influx and TNF-α production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of ALI mice. Additionally, TMEE significantly downregulated the activation of ERK, JNK and IκB, and upregulated the expression of HO-1 in the lungs of ALI mice. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated that TMEE could exert a regulatory role in the prevention or treatment of the endotoxin-mediated inflammatory response.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1409-1416
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• 2015

기온의 변화는 인간의 건강뿐 아니라 동식물의 성장, 경제, 사회, 산업, 문화 등의 전 분야에 영향을 준다. 본 연구에서는 수원시 2003년-2012년 기온을 기상자료, 온실가스자료, 대기자료를 이용하여 자기회귀오차 (autoregressive error)모형으로 월별로 분석하였다. 기온을 위한 기상자료로는, 풍속, 강수량, 일사량, 운량, 습도를 사용했고, 온실가스자료는 이산화탄소 ($CO_2$), 메탄 ($CH_4$), 아산화질소 ($N_2O$), 염화불화탄소 ($CFC_{11}$), 대기자료는 미세먼지 ($PM_{10}$), 이산화황 ($SO_2$), 이산화질 소 ($NO_2$), 오존 ($O_3$), 일산화탄소 (CO)을 사용하였다. 기온을 월별 분석한 결과 기상변수로는 일사량, 운량, 풍속이 영향을 많이 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 특히 일사량은 봄, 여름, 가을에 영향을 많이 주고 풍속은 겨울에 영향을 많이 주는 것으로 나타났다. 온실가스변수로는 염화불화탄소와 메탄이 기온에 영향을 많이 주고 대기변수로는 오존이 영향을 많이 주는 것으로 타났다. 자기회귀오차모형으로 월별 기온을 43%~69% 정도 설명할 수 있다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.447-462
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• 1990

The objective of this experiment is to observe structural differences in the othodontic movement of vital (control group) and devitalized (experimental group) teeth in the mongrel dogs. The 5 utilized dogs in this experiment were approximately 1 year of age and their average weight was about 12 Kg. Endodontic therapy was performed on the 2nd premolars in upper & lower jaws of each animal under the general anesthesia by intravascular injection of 25mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium. The canals of the teeth were obturated by using gutta percha in conjunction with root canal sealer (AH26 Densply). One of the roots in the 2nd premolars was hemisected to make an extraction space for the devitalized teeth to be moved. The edgewise technique was employed for the movement of the teeth. Orthodontic models and intraoral roentgenograms were taken before and after orthodontic tooth movement. The open coil springs (.010 x .040) were used at interbraket space in order to provide equal forces (75gm) between the teeth in each arch wire. After 13 weeks of active orthodontic tooth movement, dogs were sacrified and the experimental results w ere examined through the intraoral radiography, microscopic examination and scanning electromicroscopic examination at the root sulfate. From the results of the study, the following conclusions may be drawn: The root resolution and cemental deposition were observed within the pressure and tension site in both group. 2. The root resorbed lacunae were observed in the cementum and/or into the dentin in both group. 3. The prominent osteoblastic activities were observed on the alveolar margin in the tension site in both group. 4. A few of blood vessels were observed in the pressure site, but also lots of blood vessels were observed in the tension site especially in the periphery of the alveolar bone in both group. 5. In the pressure site, resorbed lacunae were formed with deep and narrow cavity in the control group; the shallow and wide cavity in the experimental group. 6. In the pressure site, the repaired cementum or cementoid tissue was lined on cementum in the experimental group, but not in the control group. 7. There was no significant difference between external root resolution of endodontically and vital teeth when both were subjected to orthodontic forces.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was performed to establish an experimental rabbit model for single-stage maxillary sinus augmentation with simultaneous implant placement. Methods: Twelve mature New Zealand white rabbits were used for the experiments. The rabbit maxillary sinuses were divided into 3 groups according to sinus augmentation materials: blood clot (BC), autogenous bone (AB), and bovine-derived hydroxyapatite (BHA). Small titanium implants were simultaneously placed in the animals during the sinus augmentation procedure. The rabbits were sacrificed 4 and 8 weeks after surgery and were observed histologically. Histomorphometric analyses using image analysis software were also performed to evaluate the parameters related to bone regeneration and implant-bone integration. Results: The BC group showed an evident collapse of the sinus membrane and limited new bone formation around the original sinus floor at 4 and 8 weeks. In the AB group, the sinus membrane was well retained above the implant apex, and new bone formation was significant at both examination periods. The BHA group also showed retention of the elevated sinus membrane above the screw apex and evident new bone formation at both points in time. The total area of the mineral component (TMA) in the area of interest and the bone-to-implant contact did not show any significant differences among all the groups. In the AB group, the TMA had significantly decreased from 4 to 8 weeks. Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, the rabbit sinus model showed satisfactory results in the comparison of different grafting conditions in single-stage sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement. We found that the rabbit model was useful for maxillary sinus augmentation with simultaneous implant placement.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

배경: 심장판막 및 그 주변의 큰 혈관들의 내피세포는 다른 부위와 달리 훨씬 완화된 면역 반응을 보이는 것에 착안하여, 고정액이나 면역학적 처치를 거치지 않은 이종 판막의 대동맥 판막의 임상적 유용성을 돼지-염소 간 이종 폐동맥 판막도관 이식 실험을 통해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 돼지 폐동맥 판막도관은 특별한 면역학적 처치를 거치지 않은 채 준비하여 인공심폐기 가동 하에 염소의 우심실 유출로에 이식하였다. 염소들은 군당 2마리씩 배정하여 이식 후 하루, 1주, 3개월, 6개월, 12개월 동안 각각 관찰하였다. 실험동물을 희생하기 전 심초음파검사를 시행하여 판막의 움직임을 관찰하였고, 이종 장기를 적출한 후 판막도관의 조직학적 변화를 관찰하였다. 결과: 총 12마리 중 10마리에서 정해진 기간 동안 생존하였다. 이식된 폐동맥의 전벽의 동맥류가 12개월과 3개월 관찰한 각각 한 마리의 염소에서 발견되었다. 심초음파 검사에서는 다양한 정도의 폐동맥 판막 폐쇄부전의 소견을 보였으나 판막의 협착이나 혈전형성, 증식증은 관찰되지 않았다. 조직학적 관찰에서 이식 세포의 핵은 핵농축 및 핵융해를 통해 없어졌지만, 이식된 이종 판막도관의 세 구역(폐동맥, 폐동맥 판막, 누두부)은 구조가 보존되면서 점차적으로 시간에 따라 숙주 세포로 대체되었다. 결론: 면역학적 처리를 거치지 않은 이종 폐동맥 판막도관이 돼지-염소 간 이종 이식실험에서 다소의 문제점이 발견되기는 하였지만 성공적으로 숙주 세포로 대체되어 기존의 조직판막의 대안이 될 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2007

본 연구는 개에서 수술적으로 짧은 기간 동안 관절의 불안정성을 최대로 유도하여 수술후 운동 없이 관절의 퇴행성 변화의 유무 및 정도와 골관절염 모델로 적합한지를 평가 하였다. 10두의 비글견을 본 실험에 사용하였다. 실험군은 오른쪽 무릎관절의 앞십자인대 및 내측 곁인대의 절제와 내측 반월 연골 절제술을 시행하였으며, 왼쪽 무릎관절을 대조군으로 사용하였다. 수술 12주 후 연골의 손상, 윤활막의 염증 정도와 윤활액의 생화학적 변화를 평가 하였다. 조직 검사에서 연골의 비후, 연골 세포의 분화, 프로테오글리칸의 소실 및 윤활막의 염증이 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있는 증가가 관찰되었다. 윤활액의 생화학적 검사에서 유의성 있게 증가된 MMP-2, -9의 농도를 실험군에서 관찰 하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 본 연구에 수행한 관절염 모델은 골관절염 유도가 가능하며, 술후 운동으로 소모되는 시간 및 비용을 줄 일수 있는 장점 있어 골관절염 모델로서 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2018

Background: Astragalus membranaceus is a well known oriental medicinal herb. The polysaccharides of the aboveground parts (AMA) and the radix (AMR) of A. membranaceus are the most important functional constituents. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMA and AMR on the oxidative damage induced in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to exhaustive exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exercise and non-exercise groups; in the groups receiving the test compounds, AMA and AMR were administered orally for 30 days. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from each rat after running to exhaustion on a treadmill to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and the concentation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GSH-Px of skeletal muscle of AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and commercial sports drink (SPD)-treated groups in exhaustive exercise rats. In addition, MDA concentrations in the skeletal muscle of the AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control and SPD-treated groups. In the present study, the effects of AMA and AMR on exercise endurance capacity were also evaluated in mice subjected to a swimming exercise test. AMA and AMR supplementation prolonged the swimming time of mice and enhanced exercise endurance capacity. AMA and AMR possess the ability to retard and lower the production of blood lactate, and prevent the decrease of serum blood glucose. Conclusions: These results showed that, AMR and AMA exerted beneficial effect in mice, increasing the activity of the antioxidant systems and inhibiting oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. The compounds improved exercise performance and showed anti-fatigue effects against exhaustive exercise.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.195-209
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• 2009

Objectives : Transient inflammation has been demonstrated to alter visceral sensory function in animal models and acute mucosal inflammation may precede the manifestation of visceral hyperalgesia. Thus in this study we compared effects of herbal acupuncture of Nidus Vespae (NV) applied to the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) intracolonic injection in rats. Methods : In Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250 ~ 400 g, TNBS (5 mg/kg) was infused intrarectally through a silicon rubber catheter into the anus under isoflurane anaesthesia. Under general anesthesia, acupoints of LI4 (Hapkok), SI25 (Cheonchu), ST36 (Joksamni), BL25 (Daejangsu) were intramuscularly injected by NV. Expressions of cFos protein in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and the 6th lumbar spinal cord (L6 s.c.) were observed at 24 hrs after TNBS induced colitis by immunohistochemistry. Results : The expression of c-Fos protein in L6 s.c., Sol, LC and PAG increased 24 hrs after TNBS injection into colorectum as compared to normal group. NV herbal acupuncture also inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in Sol but not L6 s.c., LC, and PAG. NV to ST36 inhibited significantly the c-Fos expression in Sol and PAG. NV to ST25 inhibited the c-Fos protein expression all over the observation area. NV to BL25 showed the inhibitory effects in the areas except LC. Whether or not a role of endogenous opioids, intrathecal injection of naltrexone (30 ug / 30 ul) was applied before the 2nd herbal acupuncture treatment 24 hrs after TNBS-induced colitis in rat. Naltrexone reversed the inhibition of c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord and brainstem under different conditions such as type of herbal acupuncture compound and choice of acupoint. Conclusions : In summary, these data show that herbal acupuncture of NV inhibits signal pathways such as spinal cord and brain stem ascending hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis. This effect may be mediated by acupoints through the endogenous opioid system involving the pain modulation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.99-105
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• 1996

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA), known as an effective anticarcinogen in several aminal models, on the egg production and egg weight of laying hens, and the weight gains of broilers were investigated. CLA was synthesized from corn oil by the alkaline isomerization method and purified by the low-temperature precipitation method. Diets for laying hens and for broilers were synthesized to meet the specification of their NRC standard rationals. Two separated experiments(Experiment I and II) were conducted for laying hens. in experiment I, 45 hens(300 days of age) were divided into 15 hens per treatment group; each hen was housed in wired cage located in a temperature and humidity-controlled house and adopted to the control diet. One week later, each group was subjected to one the four treatment groups for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA and 5.0% CLA diets. Diet and water were ad libitum. The condition of experiment II was the same as that of experiment I except for the addition of 5% corn oil diet and the extension of feeding period to 7 weeks. Egg production, egg weight and feed intake were recorded every week. Forty-five broilers(10day of age) were adopted to the control diet for a week and then switched to the treatment diets for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA, 5% CLA and 5% corn oil, Body weight and feed intake of broilers were measured every week. Diets supplemented with various amounts of CLA enhanced the egg production and increased the egg weight regardless laying hen's age(150 days or 300 days) as compared to control diet. The most effective diet for the egg production and egg weight of young hens(150 days of age) was found to be 1.0% CLA diet, but relatively higher CLA diet(2.5% CLA) was required for old hens (300 day of age) to obtain similar results as seen in younger hens. All hens treated with CLA ate greater amount of feed than control hens. Broilers treated with various amount of CLA ate less feed as compared to control ones, but the body weight gain was greater than the control broilers. These results indicate that CLA enhanced the egg production and agg weight of laying hens, and increased the body weight gain of broilers with less diet consumption.