• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.98-99
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• 2001

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.236-245
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• 2003

The study was performed for elucidating angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and comparing antioxidative activity of Panax ginseng extracts prepared at different conditions. Total phenolic content, inhibitory activity on ACE and antioxidative effects were tested on 10 ethanolic extracts and correlation coefficient between total phenolic content and physiological activity was calculated. Yield and total phenolic content of 50% ethanolic extract prepared at $85^{\circ}C$ exhibited the highest value as 42.52% and 0.82%, respectively. Among the fractions obtained from 50% ethanolic extract prepared at room temperature, water fraction showed the highest value in yield as 72.08% and ethyl acetate fraction did in total phenolic content as 6.59%. In the test on ACE inhibitory activity, 50% ethanolic extract obtained at room temperature indicated the strongest effect of 93.8% which was higher than 85.2% of commercialized ACE inhibitor and solvent fractions showed potent inhibitory activity in order of hexane fraction, diethyl ether fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, butanol fraction and water fraction at concentration of $4000{\mu}g/ml$. 50% Ethanolic extract prepared at $85^{\circ}C$ had the most potent inhibition effect on human LDL oxidation as 78.2% at $200{\mu}g/ml$ and the other extracts also did above 60%. Diethyl ether fraction and ethyl acetate fraction showed strong inhibition activity $(34.38%{\sim}78.13%)$ on LDL oxidation at concentration of $10{\sim}200\;{\mu}g/ml$. From the statistical analysis via SAS program, correlation coefficient between total phenolic content and ACE inhibitory effect was 0.6353 at P<0.05. Conclusively, this report showed that the most efficient extraction condition for elevating inhibitory activity on ACE and LDL oxidation, phenolic content and yield from Panax ginseng was 50% ethanol extraction at room temperature or high temperature condition. And Panax ginseng would be used for preventing hypertension or atheroscrelosis for man via inhibitory action on ACE and LDL oxidation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.771-778
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• 1998

To investigate interaction of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with local tissue renin- angiotensin system (RAS), changes in gene expression of the RAS components in various tissues in response to chronic administration of an ACE inhibitor, enalapril, were examined in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Enalapril was administered in their drinking water $(3{\sim}4\;mg/day)$ over 8 wk. Plasma and renal ACE activity increased significantly after 4 and 8 wk of enalapril treatment. Renin levels of the plasma and kidney of the enalapril-treated rats markedly increased after 4 wk and decreased thereafter, but still remained significantly higher than those of control rats. Kidney mRNA levels of renin markedly increased after 4 and 8 wk of enalapril treatment, but those of angiotensinogen and ANG II-receptor subtypes, $AT_{1A}$ and $AT_{1B}$, did not change significantly. The liver expressed genes for renin, angiotensinogen and $AT_{1A}$ receptor subtype, but $AT_{1B}$ receptor subtype mRNA was not detectable by RT-PCR. None of mRNA for these RAS components in the liver changed significantly by enalapril treatment. The hypothalamus showed mRNA expressions of renin, angiotensinogen, $AT_{1A}$ and $AT_{1B}$ receptor subtypes. $AT_{1A}$ receptor subtype mRNA was more abundant than $AT_{1B}$ receptor subtype in the hypothalamus as shown in the kidney. However, gene expression of the RAS components remained unchanged during 8-wk treatment of enalapril. In the present study, chronic ACE inhibition increased plasma and renal levels of ACE and renin, but did not affect mRNA levels of other RAS components such as angiotensinogen, ANG II receptor subtypes in the kidney. Gene levels of the RAS components in the liver and hypothalamus were not altered by chronic treatment of enalapril. These results suggest the differential expression of the RAS components in response to enalapril, and localized action and some degree of tissue specificity of enalapril.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.283-288
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• 2011

The jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai was hydrolyzed with papain and a novel dipeptide purified via ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography with Sephadex LH-20, and reverse phase chromatography using $C_{18}$ and $C_{12}$ columns. The IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectrometer analyses showed that the dipeptide comprised tyrosine-isoleucine (Tyr-Ile). The $IC_{50}$ and $K_i$ values were $6.56{\pm}1.12$ and $3.10{\pm}0.28\;{\mu}M$, respectively, indicating competitive inhibition of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE). As a novel ACE-inhibitory active peptide, Tyr-Ile may have potential for use in antihypertensive therapy.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1315-1320
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• 2015

To enhance the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content, the optimized fermentation of soybean with added sea tangle extract was evaluated at 30℃ and pH 5.0. The medium was first inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae strain FMB S46471 and fermented for 3 days, followed by the subsequent inoculation with Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100. After fermentation for 7 days, the fermented soybean showed approximately 1.9 g/kg GABA and exhibited higher ACE inhibitory activity than the traditional soybean product. Furthermore, several peptides in the fraction containing the highest ACE inhibitory activity were identified. The novel fermented soybean enriched with GABA and ACE inhibitory components has great pharmaceutical and functional food values.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.663-667
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• 2011

This study was performed to measure the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of peptide extracts derived from the enzymatic proteolysis of Hanwoo Musculus longissimus (M. longissimus) during cold storage. Thermolysin (80 ppm, w/w) and protease type XIII (100 ppm, w/w) were injected separately or in combination for the enzymatic proteolysis of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins prior to storage at $5^{\circ}C$ (T1) or at $-1^{\circ}C$ (T2) in a chilling room for 9 days. Beef injected with thermolysin (E2) and thermolysin+protease type XIII (E3) showed a significantly higher degree of hydrolysis at both storage temperatures (p<0.05). During the storage period, T1E2 at day 6 and T1E3 at day 9 showed the strongest ACE inhibitory activity with sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein proteolysates. Macromolecules greater than 10,000 Da were removed by ultra filtration, and the filtrates were separated into fractions using gel filtration. Five and three major fractions were collected from S-T1E2-6 and M-T1E3-9 extracts, respectively, and the $4^{th}$ fraction of the S-T1E2-6 extracts showed the highest ACE inhibitory rate of $61.96{\pm}7.41%$.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 2020

To increase the functional material content of soybean, a repetitive steaming and drying process was used. We investigated the changes in the total polyphenol content, the antioxidant activity, and the angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in soybean following nine rounds of steaming and drying. Soybean was steamed 9 times for 2 h and then dried 9 times from 55℃ to 73℃ for 3 h. The total polyphenol content in the soybean reached a maximum value of 60.47 mg GAE eq./100 g at 73℃ while the total polyphenol content in the raw soybean reached 25.17 mg GAE eq./100 g. In the raw soybean samples, the DPPH radical scavenging activity (5 mg/mL) was 8.04% but it increased by 43.29% after drying 9 times to 73℃. ABTS radical scavenging activity also improved following 9 rounds of steaming and drying. ACE inhibitory activity of the soybean dried 9 times at 73℃ was 58.94% at 10 mg/mL. These results showed that steaming and drying soybean 9 times enhanced the antioxidant activity and the ACE inhibitory activity of soybean. Therefore, more research on the biological and anti-hypertensive activity of soybean using this steaming and drying method is necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2007

This study was carried out to observe the antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of susijang (Korean traditional fermented soy food). The antioxidant activity of susijang was measured by using TEAC (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) assay. In addition contents of isoflavones, phenolic acids and amino acids were determined. TEAC values of chungkukjang and susijang were significantly higher than those of yellow soybean (p<0.05). The contents of isoflavones (genistein, daidzein) were found to be significantly higher in chungkukjang and susijang than yellow soybean. The susijang showed high content of free amino acids and phenolic acids. ACE inhibitory activity of susijang was significantly higher than those of chungkukjang and yellow soybean, particularly of 70% ethanol extract.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2000

As functionality investigation of Korean traditional soybean fermentation foods, an antihypertensive peptide was separated during Chunggugjang fermentation by Bacillus subtilis CH-1023 and investigated inhibitory effect against angiotensin converting enzyme. After incubation at $20^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C,\;40^{\circ}C,\;50^{\circ}C,\;60^{\circ}C$ for the $0{\sim}72$ hrs, protein content, protease activity and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory rate were determined. The protein content and protease activity were increased and reached maximum at 60 hrs fermentation with $40^{\circ}C$ and decreased after the 60 hrs fermentation. The optimum condition for antihypertensive peptide from Chunggugjang was appeared for 60 hrs at $40^{\circ}C$. Crude extract of Chunggugjang was partially purified by Amicon YM-3 membrane filtration and Sephadex G-10, G-25 gel filtration. The purified peptide showed inhibitory rate of 94.3% with 0.5 mg peptide content. The most prominent amino acid composition of the peptide from Chunggugjang was alanine, followed by phenylalanine, histidine.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2003

Extracts from 52 samples of mushrooms were prepared by using water, ethanol and methanol, and then yields and angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity were investigated. Sample mushrooms contained crude proteins of $7.1{\sim}56.5%$, curde lipids of $0.2{\sim}4.4%$ and carbohydrates of $30.3{\sim}86.6%$. Among 52 samples, the water extract from fruiting body of Pholiota spp. ASI 24027 showed the highest extraction yield of 68%. Water extract of Pholiota spp. ASI 24012 fruiting body had potential ACE inhibitory activity of 66%. The optimal extraction condition of the ACE inhibitor from the fruiting bodyies of Pholiota spp. ASI 24012 was In water at $30^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr and ACE inhibitory activity was 67.6% on the condition with 0.2 mg of $IC_{50}$.