• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.339-351
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• 1999

Excess secretion of goblet cell stimulated by inhalation anesthetics have side effects during operation or postoperative care. Mucosubstances, which are almost secreted by goblet cells in the epithelium of the respiratory tract, are secreted by a direct irritation of inhalation anesthetics. This study was carried out to compare the differences of mucus secretion on lower respiratory tract stimulated by ethyl ether, halothane and isoflurane. Total of 24 rabbits were used as experimental animals. The trachea and the 1st bronchi were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. After embedding in paraffin, the specimens were sectioned to a thickness of 6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and PAS-H, Alcian blue pH 2.5 and Alcian blue pH 1.0 stains were performed for the observation of the composition and the quantity of the mucus. The results were as follows; Ethyl ether and isoflurane irritated the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Ethyl ether irritated more than isoflurane. Halothane irritated the mucous membrane, but its effect was minimal and had little influences during operation. In the specimens stained with PAS-H, Alcian blue pH 2.5 and Alcian blue pH 1.0, the mucosubstance lining the cilia and in the goblet cells of the trachea and 1st bronchi were the strongly PAS-H reactive mucosubstances, moderately Alcian blue pH 2.5 and Alcian blue pH 1.0. The PAS-H reactive mucosubstance were polysaccharides, neutral mucopolysaccharides, mucoproteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids. Trachea was easily affected than bronchi by inhalation anesthetics. Consequently, it is suggested that because halothane does not irritates respiratory mucosal secretion, its application may be efficient to the depressed respiratory system.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.223-233
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• 2018

Topical anesthetics are commonly used in oral & maxillofacial surgery to control pain in the oral cavity mucosa before local anesthetic injection. These anesthetic agents come in many forms, developed for different usages, to minimize adverse reactions, and for optimal anesthetic efficiency. Earlier studies have revealed that these agents may also limit the growth of microorganisms in the area of anesthetic application. Many topical anesthetic agents show different levels of antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains and Candida. The dosage of local anesthetic agent used in some clinical preparations is too low to show a significant effect on microbial activity. Efficiency of antimicrobial activity depends on the local anesthetic agent's properties of diffusion within the bloodstream and binding efficiency with cytoplasmic membrane, which is followed by disruption of the bacterial cell membrane. The antimicrobial properties of these agents may extend their usage in patients to both control pain and infection. To develop the topical local anesthetic optimal usage and antimicrobial effect, a collaborating antiseptic agent may be used to benefit the local anesthetic. However, more research is required regarding minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of topical local anesthetic agents with drug interaction between anesthetics and antiseptic agents.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.472-477
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• 2018

전신마취제의 잉여 몰부피는 Halobacteriun Halobium에서 추출분리된 Purple membrane과 Red membrane에서 vesicle의 현탁액에서 $25^{\circ}C$ 잉여부피 dilatometer로 측정되었다. 우리의 연구에 의해 전신마취제인 Propofol은 잉여몰부피와 상관 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혔다. Halobacteriun Halobium에서 비중 차이에 의해 추출 분리된 Purple membrane과 Red membrane의 잉여몰 부피는 vesicle의 아미노산과 지질의 영향이다. 이들은 잉여 몰부피 dilatometer로 잉여 몰 부피를 측정되었으며, 흡광세기는 280 nm 330 nm 에서 연구되었다. Purple membrane과 Red membrane이 Propofol에 의한 입자크기 분석, 상대적 혼탁도가 기계적 특성을 위해 연구되었다. 확산 교환에 의한 점성 중합체 용액의 입자 크기 분석은 측정에 의한 중요한 단계이다. Propofol이 vesicle에서 재구성된 시료들 중에서, 특히 PM+RM+Propofol의 잉여 몰 부피가 PM, RM의 잉여 몰 부피보다 가장 크게 측정되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.46-56
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• 1996

Many surgeons and anesthesiologists prefer using vasoconstrictor mixed with local anesthetic agent to reduce the incidence of side effects and prolong the duration of analgesia because most local anesthetic agents, except cocaine, were believed to possess vasodilating effect. However, some investigators recently reported vasoconstricting effect of local anesthetic agents. There is still controversy on the vasoactive effect of local anesthetic agents. So this study is aimed to clarify the vasoactive effect of local anesthetics in the animal model resembling clinical settings. Rabbits were anesthesized with ketamine and haloghane, and respirations were controlled with Harvard animal ventilator. Lidocaine (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) and bupivacaine (0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5%) with or without 1:100,000 epinephrine were subdermaly injected on the femoral bupivacaine of the femoral artery were measured with Doppler flow meter in vivo. The mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, arterial blood gases, pH and level of serum electrolytes were measured at every 2 minute interval for 30 minutes. Results were as follows: 1) There was no significant vasoconstriction with 0.5% lidocaine and 0.125% bupivacaine. 2) Statistically significant (p<0.05) vasodilations were observed with lidocaine (1.0~2.0%) and bupivacaine (0.25~0.5%). 3) There were no changes on the duration of vasodilation induced by local anesthetic agents of various concentrations. 4) Onset of vasodilation induced by local anesthetic agents of high concentration were faster than that of lower concentrations. 5) In the mixed injection group of epinephrine and local anesthetic agent, the vasoconstriction induced by epinephrine was completely reversed by local anesthetics, approximately 5 minutes later. In conclusion, local anesthetic agents at dose exceeding 1.0% lidocaine and 0.25% bupivacaine increase local blood flow significantly in animal study in vivo which is applicable in human clinical settings. The increase blood flow may be due to dilatation of blood vessel. Further study on the analysis of association between amount of absorbed local anesthetics in blood vessels and dilatation of blood vessels is needed.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2021

Background: Consumers and patients in the last two decades have increasingly turned to various internet search engines including Google for information. Google Trends records searches done using the Google search engine. Google Trends is free and provides data on search terms and related queries. One recent study found a large public interest in "dental anesthesia". In this paper, we further explore this interest in "dental anesthesia" and assess if any patterns emerge. Methods: In this study, Google Trends and the search term "dental pain" was used to record the consumer's interest over a five-year period. Additionally, using the search term "Dental anesthesia," a top ten related query list was generated. Queries are grouped into two sections, a "top" category and a "rising" category. We then added additional search term such as: wisdom tooth anesthesia, wisdom tooth general anesthesia, dental anesthetics, local anesthetic, dental numbing, anesthesia dentist, and dental pain. From the related queries generated from each search term, repeated themes were grouped together and ranked according to the total sum of their relative search frequency (RSF) values. Results: Over the five-year time period, Google Trends data show that there was a 1.5% increase in the search term "dental pain". Results of the related queries for dental anesthesia show that there seems to be a large public interest in how long local anesthetics last (Total RSF = 231) - even more so than potential side effects or toxicities (Total RSF = 83). Conclusion: Based on these results it is recommended that clinicians clearly advice their patients on how long local anesthetics last to better manage patient expectations.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 1998

마취제를 purple membrane내 bacteriorhodopsin(bR)에 가했을 때 570nm 흡수 띠는 480nm로 이동한다. 마취제에 의해 유도된 분광학적 변화는 가역적이다. 이러한 평형의 겉보기 pKa(6.3)는 bR에 분산된 마취제의 성질에 의존한다. bR의 전기배향 측정은 비교적 작은 전기장에서도 쉽게 달성될 수 있었으며 이때의 배향각도는 60°이었다. 그러나 마취제로 처리한 bR은 이러한 변화를 관측할 수가 없다. 이들 결과들은 마취제에 의해 발색단과 발색단 주변의 단백질 구조의 민감한 변화가 단백질 매트릭스의 전하를 띈 잔기들의 공간적 배향에 영향을 준 것으로 보인다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2001

This study was performed to extract and analyze the biosignals to find the relationship between the level of anesthesia and the variations of physiological parameters during epidural anesthesia. Seven male and twenty female patients(ages from 45 to 70 years old) were participated for the experiment, and ECGs, PPGs, SKTs, SCRs were obtained during anesthesia. As results, the HF/LF ratios of HRV were decreased after the injection anesthetics. For skin temperatures, values measured from the palm was reduced and the temperatures from four channels, measured from armpit through the right side of the body, were increased. SCRs were decreased for all channels after the injection of anesthetics. However the heart rate and PPGs showed no significant changes. It was concluded that the injection of anesthetics result the changes in biosignals, and it could be explained by the degree of the sympathetic and/or parasympathetic nerve activities. Results of this study could provide the valuable information for the estimation of level for the spinal and general anesthesia, and could be extended to the development of a system which could quantify the level of anesthesia.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.259-262
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• 2000

There are many difficulties in the management of terminal cancer pain. We often encounter difficulties when nerve blocks or epidural injection of drugs do not produce good results. Local anesthetics, opioids and adjunctives, were administered to two patients intrathecally. The results were very satisfactory. It has complications such as hypotension or infection due to intrathecal route. In the first case, the pancreatic cancer patient complicated with severe epigastic pain but unfortunately no management was effective in pain control. Intrathecal injection of bupivacaine and morphine mixture was successful even if syncope which was relieved by bed rest. In the second case, the patient complicated with lower abdominal pain due to ovarian cancer who very well controlled by epidural injection of morphine and clonidine mixture but morphine demand was greatly increased. Intrathecal injection of morphine and ketamine were tried. The patient had comportable analgesic effect. CSF leakage to subcutaneous occurred but resolved by change of the catheter position or retunnelling. There were no significant complications reported in two cases.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.205-210
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• 1994

The effects of either clonidine or epinephrine into local anesthetics administered into brachial plexus sheath were evaluated in 42 patients who underwent surgery of the upper limb. All patient received 0.5 ml/kg of 2:1 mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine injected into the brachial plexus sheath, using the subclavian perivascular technique. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups; Group I(n=25) received $150{\mu}g$ of clonidine hydrochloride, and Group II(n=27) received $200{\mu}g$ of epinephrine. The duration of analgesia and the degree of sedation reflecting the systemic effect of clonidine were assessed. The block produced by the addition of clonidine was longer($100.3{\pm}469.8$ vs $648.8{\pm}192.1$ min) and superior to that by epinephrine(p < 0.05). The highest degree of sedation was achieved about 20 minutes after block, which roughly equals the time required for intramuscular clonidine to show the similar effect. The author concludes that the injection of clonidine mixed to local anesthetics into the brachial plexus sheath prolongs analgesia than that of epinephrine, but this prolongation may be due to the systemic effect of clonidine.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 2004

Anaphylactic reactions to anesthetic drugs could potentially produce life-threatening immune-mediated crisis. Most published reports are associated with neuromuscular blockers and anaphylactic reactions to inhalation anesthetics are rare. A 25-year-old male patient with no significant medical history and no previous abnormal drug reaction was scheduled for orthognathic surgery under general anesthesia. After uneventful anesthetic induction and nasotracheal intubation, generalized urticaria and erythema were detected during the maintenance period with $O_2-N_2O$-enflurane. No severe changes of vital signs and no ventilation problem were accompanied. The operation was cancelled and the cutaneous lesions were faded away during the recovery with 100% $O_2$. The skin-prick and intradermal tests showed that he was hypersensitive to all halogenated inhalation anesthetics including enflurane and not to intravenous anesthetics and neuromuscular blockers. The re-operation was safely carried out under intravenous anesthesia with propofol-fentanyl-vecuronium. We report this case of intraoperative anaphylactic reaction to enflurane with literature review.