• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determined that the efficacy and comfort of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of lidocaine by comparison of local anesthetic duration, sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance levels according to four different cleansing regimes. Methods: Forty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups; oil cleansing group, lotion cleansing group, solution cleansing group and alcohol cleansing group. All subjects were received lidocaine iontophoresis on the forearm using direct current with 4 mA for 10 minutes. All subjects were measured the duration of local anesthesia after lidocaine iontophoresis, also evaluated the sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance level during iontophoresis. For comparisons of the efficacy and the sensory characteristics of iontophoresis within the groups, an one-way ANOVA was used. Results: The duration of local anesthesia were found significant difference between groups (p<0.001). The anesthetic duration in solution and alcohol cleansing groups were significantly longer than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc (p<0.05). Statistically significant difference were noted in respect to all sensory characteristics such as sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance between groups (p<0.001). The sensory threshold in solution and alcohol cleansing group were significantly lower than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc using Duncan multiple range test (p<0.05). The pain threshold and pain tolerance in solution and alcohol cleansing group were significantly higher than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results demonstrated that cleansing regimes have affected the efficacy and discomfort of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of lidocaine. These findings indicate that cleansing agents without oil ingredient contributed to more comfort, and more successful achievement of the iontophoretic transdermal delivery.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 2001

The strength of juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, raised in different hatcheries for wild stock enhancement was evaluated in terms of resistance to an anesthetizing agent, tricaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222), and exposure to drying. The working dosage of MS-222 varied significantly with fish size and hatchery population. Smaller fish were less resistant to the chemical than larger ones. MS-222 effects also differed with fish growth history. The fish cultured in embanked populations showed stronger resistance, earlier recovery, and lower mortality, compared to those cultured in land-based tanks or collected from wild stocks. Similar results were seen in juveniles challenged to dry exposure. These results suggest that an embanked population of black rockfish is more resistant to anesthetic stress, expressed as anesthesia recovery and mortality, and that this population is healthier than others.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2009

Background: Magnesium is a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Magnesium is thought to be involved in opioid tolerance by way of inhibiting calcium entry into cells. Methods: The patients were randomly assigned to three groups according to the anesthetic regimens: Group M received magnesium sulfate and Group C received saline intravenously under remifentanil-based anesthesia. Group S received saline intravenously under sevoflurane based anesthesia in place of remifentanil. The patients in the group M received 25% magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in 100 ml of saline, and those patients in groups C and S received an equal volume of saline before induction of anesthesia; this was followed by 10 mg/kg/h infusion of either magnesium sulfate (group M) or an equal volume of saline (groups C and S) until the end of surgery. Pain was assessed on a visual analog scale at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after the operation. The time to the first postoperative analgesic requirement and the cumulative analgesic consumption were evaluated in the three groups. Results: The visual analog scales for pain and the cumulative analgesic consumption were significantly greater in group C than in other groups. The time to first postoperative analgesic requirement was significantly shorter in group C than that in the other groups. There were no differences between group M and S for side effects. Conclusions: A relatively high dose and continuous remifentanil infusion is associated with clinically relevant evidence of acute opioid tolerance. NMDA-receptor antagonist, magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant analgesic prevents opioid tolerance in patients who are undergoing major abdominal surgery under high dose and continuous remifentanil infusion-based anesthesia.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.304-308
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• 2008

Strength of juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) produced in the different types of hatchery for wild stock enhancement was evaluated in terms of resistances against anesthetizing agent, tricaine methane sulfonate (MS-222), and dry exposure. The working dosages of MS-222 varied significantly with two different water temperature and hatchery populations. Namely, water temperature $22^{\circ}C$ populations were less resistant against the chemical over water temperature $12^{\circ}C$ ones. MS-222 effects also differed with the fish with different growth histories. The fish seeds in collected from wild showed stronger resistances, earlier recoveries, and lower mortalities, compared to those cultured in land-based tank. Similar results were achieved in the juveniles challenged to dry exposure. These results suggest that wild population of black seabream are more resistant against anesthetic stress, expressed as anesthesia, recovery, and mortality, and further that the population are "healthier" than others.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1992

This study was objected to evaluate clinical progressions about both the degree of pain relief and the occurrence of morphine tolerance while the epidural analgesia with low dose of morphine, bupivacaine and antidepressant continued repeatedly at every 5 day intervals of the constant-rate infusion(0.5 ml/hr, 60 ml capacity). The subjects were divided to 56 cancer and 36 non-cancer patients who failed to respond to palliative treatments. Before the relief of pain, the pain severity was moderate(10%) and severe(90%). The dose escalation of morphine noted to 11(20%)patients in cancer pain and to one(5%) case only in non-cancer. During the epidural analgesia, the effect of pain relief was moderate(11%) and good(89%). It suggest that the morphine tolerance may be reduced to some degree such as an initial minimum dose of epidural morphine with local anesthetic and antidepressant should be adjusted on an individual basis using the constant-rate infusor, even though rapid dose escalation occurrs in some patients who the diseases progress over a short period of time.