• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2004

In this study, quantity and quality of collected rainwater by sand, gravel, soil, lawn and concrete surface, as collection materials were investigated and Rainwater Collection Prediction Model was developed to predict the amount of collected rainwater. The quantity of collected rainwater in concrete surface, gravel, sand, soil and lawn collection system was 1,067L(93.2%), 1,006L(87.8%), 902L(78.8%), 800L(69.9%), 788.5L(68.8%) for 8 months period, respectively. The average turbidity of collected rainwater in concrete surface, gravel, sand, soil and lawn collection system was 3.2NTU, 2.2NTU, 1.9NTU, 1.7NTU, 1.5NTU for 8 months period, respectively. For sand collection material, predicted amount by the Model and actual collected amount were 931.5L and 902L, which were very closed. For gravel collection material, predicted amount by Model and actual collected amount were 1,028.21. and 1,006L, which were very closed. To simulate the optimal rainwater storage volume, the rainfall and evaporation data in Dae-jeon city were used. For sand collection system with 30m2 area, the maximum storage volume was $17m^3$ and 62% of the year was secured for use of 240L/day.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2009

The noodle is one of the most popular meal as a main dish in Korea and onions are reported to contain high levels of flavonoids such as quercetin, aglycone, and quercetin 4-glycoside. This study was conducted to develop the wet noodle with onion juice and to examine the cooking quality, textural properties of it. Five sensory attributes such as gloss, chewiness, adhesiveness, odor, and taste were used for sensory evaluations. Optimal amount of onion(149.5 g) and salt (6.5 g) satisfied target sensory score(7.0) was suggested by response surface methodology. The wet noodle with optimal amount of onion juice and salt was tasted by 100 consumer and showed high score(6.67) in overall acceptability. Cooking quality was measured through absorption of water, volume, degree of turbidity. The volume, water absorption, and cooking water turbidity of cooked wet noodle with onion juice(experimental noodle) were significantly(p<0.01) higher than the control one. Texture profile analysis of experimental noodle showed a lower score of hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, and chewiness. However, it appeared that the experimental noodle showed higher score for cohesiveness than the control noodle.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2013

This study investigated the functional nutrition of red yeast rice to added beurre mani$\acute{e}$ in the production of brown sauce. We added X to Y at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and investigated the effects on the viscosity, water content, turbidity, pH, sugar level, reducing sugar, color, and sensory quality characteristics of the resultant brown sauce. The viscosity of Brown sauce was increased with increasing red yeast rice beurre mani$\acute{e}$ while water content and turbidity were decreased. pH was between 4.57~4.91. Sugar level and reducing sugar were increased with increasing red yeast rice powder content. L and a were increased with increasing red yeast rice powder content, and b was decreased. In sensory testing, visual appearance and flavor were highest for brown sauce preparations containing 15% and 20% X. Aftertaste and taste scored the highest for additions of 10% and 15%. For general preference, a 15% addition of X resulted in the highest score. Based on the results, it seems that red yeast rice powder, 15% red yeast rice powder added brown sauce has the highest the general preference.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.339-349
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• 2015

Experiments were carried out using granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption techniques to treat wastewater contaminated with organic compounds caused by diverse human activities. Two techniques were assessed: adsorbent GAC prepared from coconut shell (GACC) and adsorbent GAC from palm shell (GACP). A comparison of these two techniques was undertaken to identify ways to improve the efficiency of the treatment process. Analysis of the processed wastewater showed that with GACC the removal efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) was 65, 60, 82, 82 and 8.7%, respectively, while in the case of GACP, the removal efficiency was 55, 60, 81, 91 and 22%, respectively. It can therefore be concluded that GACC is more effective than GACP for BOD removal, while GACP is better than GACC for TSS and TDS removal. It was also found that for COD and turbidity almost the same results were achieved by the two techniques. In addition, it was observed that both GACC and GACP reduced pH value to 7.9 after 24 hrs. Moreover, the optimal time period for removal of BOD and TDS was 1 hr and 3 hrs, respectively, for both techniques.

• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.345-356
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• 2022

The fungal distribution, diversity, and load were analyzed in the geographically segregated island groundwater systems in Korea. A total of 79 fungal isolates were secured from seven islands and identified based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. They belonged to three phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chlorophyta), five classes, sixteen orders, twenty-two families, and thirty-one genera. The dominant phylum was Ascomycota (91.1%), with most fungi belonging to the Cladosporium (21.5%), Aspergillus (15.2%), and Stachybotrys (8.9%) genera. Cladosporium showed higher dominance and diversity, being widely distributed throughout the geographically segregated groundwater systems. Based on the diversity indices, the genera richness (4.821) and diversity (2.550) were the highest in the groundwater system of the largest scale. As turbidity (0.064-0.462) increased, the overall fungal count increased and the residual chlorine (0.089-0.308) had low relevance compared with the total count and fungal diversity. Cladosporium showed normal mycelial growth in de-chlorinated sterilized samples. Overall, if turbidity increases under higher fungal diversity, bio-deterioration in groundwater-supplying facilities and public health problems could be intensified, regardless of chlorine treatment. In addition to fungal indicators and analyzing methods, physical hydrostatic treatment is necessary for monitoring and controlling fungal contamination.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1010-1015
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• 2008

The effects of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties and mineral composition of sun-dried salt were investigated. The salts parched at high temperature were appeared the higher alkalinity and the lower oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) than the samples without heat treatment. The commercial salts (bamboo salt and yellow loess salt) and the sun-dried salt parched at high temperature had relatively higher sodium ion content (418-450 ppm) compared to that (418.0 ppm) of refined salt. The increase of calcium ion occurred in the salts parched at high temperature compared to the sun-dried salt without heat treatment, but the magnesium ion was vice versa. The commercial salt, yellow loess salt had highest turbidity (0.973) whereas sun-dried salt showed lowest level (0.097) among the tested samples. Turbidity of heat treatment samples decreased as solubility increased. The maximum concentration of dialyzed salt was reached after 4 hr regardless of various processed salts, but those had no difference significantly among the tested samples. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the parched sun-dried salts showed different peak intensity with common salts, and they were similar to the patterns of oxide salts, especially MgO. The maximum value (2.56%) of MgO appeared in the sun-dried salt parched at $1,400^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.23-29
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• 2016

Effects of cationic polyvinylamine (PVAm) dry strength agent on effectiveness of optical brightening agent (OBA) during fine papermaking and the mechanism for brightness reduction of paper by PVAm was investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy and turbidity measurement of OBA solution with PVAm. It was shown that PVAm reduced brightness of paper while opacity was not varied and tensile strength of paper was increased. Tetra-type OBA solution showed the peaks around the wavelength of 280 nm and 330 nm and the increase in the OBA concentration increased the UV absorbance in all wavelength. Addition of PVAm into the OBA solution decreased the UV absorbance at 280 nm. Turbidities of OBA and PVAm solutions were close to zero, respectively, while the turbidity value increased for the mixed solution of OBA and PVAm in various mixing ratios and the highest value was obtained when the mixing ratio of PVAm and OBA was 5:5, meaning that cationic PVAm formed complex with anionic OBA. In conclusion, cationic PVAm could form a complex with anionic OBA and that reduced UV absorbance, resulting in the reduced brightness of paper.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.83-93
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• 2017

Objective : Doctors' discussions on Makwon's warm-disease are studied in an effort to contemplate a way to use the outcome in practice. Method : Doctors' discussions on Makwon as found in researches and texts are categorized into physical and pathologica, and their symptoms and treatments are analyzed. Result & Conclusion : Many doctors of warm disease explained that, in terms of the physical aspect, Makwon is closely related to stomach. Some doctors also mentioned its relationship with triple engizers, defense and nutrient qi, and spleen. In terms of pathology, most of the doctors considered Makwon to be a hiding place of foul turbidity pathogen, and explained that a treatment has to be applied before the disease pattern worsens. Diverse syndroms of Makwonwere introduced. Their discussions mainly revolved around warm and epidemic or category of dampness-heat diseases. Alternating chills and fever was also mentioned often, and generalized pain, nausea, tongue of thick and slimy fur symptoms are shown. Ouguk's Dalwonneum is used as the basic treatment. The most effective prevention method of the incubation of pathogen are the symptoms that allows the analysis of the mechanism of disease. Therefore, a good utilization method of resolve turbidity with aroma or spices may contribute to the prevention of Makwon-disease in terms of cultural aspect.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2012

In situ particle size spectra are obtained from two sequent cruises in order to evaluate the physical consequences of suspended particulate matters caused by episodic storm runoff from the Santa Ana River watershed, an urbanized coastal watershed. Suspended particles from various sources including surface runoff, near-bed resuspension, and phytoplankton are identified in empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and an entropy-based parameterization (Shannon entropy). The first EOF mode is associated with high turbidity and fine particles as indicated by the elevated beam attenuation near the Santa Ana River and Newport Bay outlets, and the second EOF mode explains the suspended sediment dispersal and particle coarsening at the near-surface plume. Chlorophyll particles are also distinguished by negative magnitudes of the first EOF mode, which is supported by the relationship between fluorescence and beam attenuation. The integrated observation between the first EOF mode and the Shannon entropy index accentuates the characteristics of two different structures and/or sources of sediment particles; the near-surface plumes are originated from runoff water outflow, while the near-bottom particles are resuspended due to increased wave heights or mobilizing bottom turbidity currents. In a coastal pollution context, these methods may offer useful means of characterizing particle-associated pollutants for purposes of source tracking and environmental interpretation.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.100-100
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• 1991

A novel system to thicken the concentrated colloidal solution from membrane water treat-ment processes was developed. A hollow-fiber microfilter(hydrophilic polyethylene nominal pore size 0.1 μm total surface area 0.42 m2) was installed in an acrylic housing that has an aeration port 5 cm below the membrane and a clarifier in the bottom. The concentrate was uniformly supplied from the top of the housing. Bacuum filtration caused downward flow of concentrate and as a result thickening interface. The addition of poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) resulted in rapid increase of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) and in no improvement of the filtered water turbidity and thickening process. Two types of con-centrate and concentrate turbidity had little effect on the increase of TMP and concentrate thickening. It was observed that for the same height of membrane housing membrane surface area to housing volume (A/V) ratio had significant effect on the increase of TMP. When the housing volume was increased ten times the increasing rate of TMP was three times faster as compared to the original housing. A hydraulic model successfully simulated the formation and sedimentation of thickening interface.