• Title/Summary/Keyword: and receptors

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Inhibitory Effect of Purified Bee Venom(Apis mellifera L.) on Adipogenesis in Korea (국내 양봉농가에서 채취한 정제봉독(Apis mellifera L.)의 지방세포 분화 억제 효과)

  • Han, Sang Mi;Kim, Hyo Young;Woo, Soon Ok;Kim, Se Gun;Choi, Hong Min;Moon, Hyo Jung
    • Journal of Apiculture
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.49-54
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    • 2020
  • Bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom is used for the treatment of various human diseases due to its known anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. This study investigated the effect of purified bee venom (PBV) on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. There was no cytotoxicity while cells were treated with PBV by various concentrations. In the PBV treated cells increases in fat storage were inhibited and also confirmed by oil red o staining. To understand the underlying mechanism at the molecular level were examined on the expression of the genes involved in adipogenesis by using real-time PCR. In this cell model, the mRNA level of adipogenic genes such as peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) and CAAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha(C/EBPα) were decreased by PAE treatment, comparing with those of control group. Theses results suggest that PBV inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells and can be used as an efficient natural substance to manage anti-obesity.

Corni Fructus Inhibits Wrinkle Formation by Reduced Advanced glycation end product (AGEs) (산수유의 최종당화산물 억제로 인한 주름 개선효과)

  • Lee, AhReum;Kim, SooHyun;Kim, SuJi;Kim, KyeongJo;Kwon, Ojun;Choi, JoonYoung;Roh, Seong-Soo
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.32 no.5
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 2017
  • Objectives : Corni Fructus (CF) is traditional herbal medicine used on polyuria, low back pain, and tinnitus. This study aimed to evaluate inhibits skin wrinkle formation effect of CF. Methods : To evaluate the produce inhibition effect of CF, SD-rats were distributed into four groups; normal rats (Nor), AGEs (advenced glycation end product)-induced rats (Con), AGEs-induced rats treated with 100mg/kg CF (CF). To induce AGEs, streptozotocin (50mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally and after 3 days oral administrated 100mM methyl glyoxal for 3 weeks. Results : The oral administration of CF suppressed the reactive oxygen specis (ROS) in serum. The AGEs in skin tissues was significantly reduced through treatment of CF. Furthermore, the expressions of AGEs related proteins such as polyclonal anti-$N^e$-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), anti-$N^e$-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), AGE receptors (RAGE) were decreased in CF treated group compared with the control group in skin tissues. Inflammation-related proteins such as Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) reduced in CF treatment group than control group. AGE-induced rats exhibited that the significant decreased collagen however, CF treatment (100mg/kg of body weight) up regulated collagen by improved the expression levels of skin fibril-related genes such as Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1). Conclusion : Taken together, our study suggests that CF regulates ROS to prevent accumulation of AGEs and inhibits skin wrinkles. Our finding indicate that CF may be an effective agent for inhibits AGEs formation, and improved skin wrinkle.

Tight junctional inhibition of entry of Toxoplasma gondii into MDCK cells (MDCK세포의 tight junction 형성이 Toxoplusmu gondii의 숙주세포 침투에 미치는 효과)

  • 남호우;윤지혜
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.197-206
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    • 1990
  • Various conditions of cultures were performed to investigate the role of tight junctions formed between adjacent MDCK cells on the entry of Toxoplasma. When MDCK cells were cocultured with excess number of Toxoplasma at the seeding density of 1×105, 3×105, and 5×105 cells/ml for 4 days, the number of intracellular parasites decreased rapidly as the host cells reached saturation density, i.e., the formation of tight junctions. When the concentration of calcium in the media (1.8 mM in general) was shifted to $5{\mu}M$ that resulted in the elimination of tight junction, the penetration of Toxoplasma increased about 2-fold(p<0.05) in the saturated culture, while that of non-saturated culture decreased by half. Trypsin-EDTA which was treated to conquer the tight junctions of saturated culture favored the entry of Toxoplasma about 2.5-fold(P<0.05) compared to the non-treated, while that of non- saturated culture decreased to about one fifth. It was suggested that the tight junctions of epithelial cells play a role as a barrier for the entry of Toxoplasma and Toxoplasma penetrate into hoot cells through membrane structure-specific, i.e., certain kind of receptors present on the basolateral rather than apical surface of MDCK cells.

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Cardiovascular Responses over the Time Course during Muscle Group III Stimulation in Prehypertensive Individuals (고혈압 전단계자들에 대한 골격근 Group III 자극 시 시간에 따른 심혈관 반응)

  • Park, Won-Il;Park, Si-Young;Choi, Hyun-Min;Lee, Joon-Hee;Jeon, Jong-Mok;Kim, Jong-Kyung;Shim, Jae-Kun;Nho, Ho-Sung
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.19 no.11
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    • pp.1568-1574
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    • 2009
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate whether group III muscle afferents play an important role eliciting abnormal blood pressure response mediated during passive muscle stretch in prehypertensive individuals. Eleven middle-aged prehypertensive men (average BP 133/80 mmHg) and nine middle-aged normotensive men (average BP 119/74 mmHg) participated in this study. After 1 min rest baseline data collection, the subject's foot was flexed (dorsiflexion) by an automated cybex for one minute. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were continuously measured on a beat-by-beat basis from a finger via a Finapres device for 1 minute. To evaluate the role of mechanoreflex, a component of exercise pressor reflex, SBP, DBP, and MAP responses over the course of time were examined. The results showed that the pressor response mediated by the muscle mechanoreflex was faster in prehypertensive individuals compared to the normotensive individuals. The substantial pressor response was observed within mean 20 sec of the onset of passive stretch in prehypertension, while mean 45 sec in normotension (p<0.05). It is concluded that excessive pressor response produced during exercise in prehypertension may be due to the dysfunction of the mechano-receptors.

Studies on Secretion of Catecholamines Evoked by Panaxadiol in the Isolated Rabbit Adrenal Gland (파낙스디올의 가토적출부신의 카테콜아민분비 작용에 관한 연구)

  • Lim Dong Yoon;Park Kyu Baik;Kim Kyu Hyung;Choi Cheol Hee;Cha Jong Hee
    • Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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    • 1988.08a
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    • pp.55-62
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    • 1988
  • The effect of panaxadiol (PD). an active component of Korean ginseng saponins on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the rabbit adrenal gland and its mode of action were investigated. PD ($400\;{\mu}g$) increased significantly the secretion of CA from the isolated perfused rabbit adrenal gland. PD-induced secretion of CA was reduced markedly by treatment with atropine. CA secretion induced by Ach or PD was potentiated by physostigmine treatment. Chlorisondamine inhibited CA secretion of PD or Ach. Perfusion of PD ($400\;{\mu}g$) for 30 minutes enhanced the secretory activity of CA by Ach. Ouabain weakened the secretory rsponse caused by PD but enhanced the response by Ach. Adenosine treatment resulted in marked increase in CA secretion by PD or Ach. Perfusion with calcium free Krebs solution containing 5 mM EDTA for 30 minutes completely blocked the secretory effect induced by Ach and also weakened that evoked by PD. It is suggested that PD causes the secretion of CA from the rabbit adrenal gland by a calcium dependent exocytotic process. The secretory effect of PD is due to the stimulation of cholinergic muscarinic and nicotinic-receptors present in the adrenal gland partly by direct action on the chromaffin cell.

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Numerical Study on the Ozone Formation Sensitivity of Precursors Using Adjoint Model around the South-eastern Area of the Korean Peninsula (수반모형을 이용한 한반도 남동지역의 오존 전구물질의 오존 생성 민감도에 관한 수치연구)

  • Park, Soon-Young;Lee, Soon-Hwan;Lee, Hwa Woon;Kim, Dong-Hyeok
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.34 no.7
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    • pp.669-680
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    • 2013
  • Ozone sensitivity analysis with respect to $NO_x$ is conducted around the south-eastern area of the Korean Peninsula. WRF-CMAQ modeling system is used to simulate a local circulation and high ozone episode day. To analyze the sensitivity, the adjoint model for CMAQ is adopted in this study. The purpose of current study is to investigate the location that affects a day time ozone concentration of these receptors on the high ozone episode day. Adjoint sensitivity analysis for Daegu shows two areas of influence. One is the range from the neighboring location to Pohang and it affects mainly on the same day as receptor time. The other is the remote south-eastern area from Daegu. This remote influence area suggests that $NO_x$ emitted on the previous day can change the ozone concentration at receptor time. The influence area for Busan, on the other hand, is originated only from the emission on the previous day because the sea-breeze occurred on the episode day makes low influence of surrounding emission. The cross sectional analysis reveals that $NO_x$ advection is important not only near the surface of land but also around the height of boundary layer.

The role of CD14 and Toll-like receptors on the release of MMP-B in the LPS recognition pathway (지질 다당질 인지경로에서 기질금속단백분해효소-8 분비에 대한 CD14와 Toll-like receptors의 역할 연구)

  • Yang, Seung-Min;Kim, Tae-li;Seol, Yang-Jo;Lee, Yang-Moo;Ku, Young;Chung, Chong-Pyoung;Han, Soo-Boo;Rhyu, In-Chul
    • Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.579-590
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    • 2006
  • 1. 연구배경 교원질 분해작용을 하는 호중구의 세포질 효소인 기질금속단백분해효소-8은 치주질환, 류마티스 관절염, 그리고 궤양결장염과 같은 염증성 질환에서 농도가 증가한다고 알려져 있다. 최근에는 A. actinomycetemcomitans의 leukotoxin이 사람호중구에서 기질금속단백분해효소-8의 분비를 유도하는 것이 보고되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 선천면역 체계에서 세포표면 항원무리14, Toll-like 수용기, 그리고 $NF-{\kappa}$ B경로를 통하여 A. actinomycetemcomitans의 지질다당질로 유도된 기질금속단백분해효소-8의 분비 여부와 세포기전을 알아보고자 하였다. 2. 연구재료 및 방법 건강한 개인 제공자(남자 13명, 여자 3명)로부터 얻은 개개인의 20ml 말초혈액을 제조사의 지침에 따라 호중구를 추출한 후 항세포표면 항원무리14와 함께 $4^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 전배양 한 후, $37^{\circ}C$에서 9시간 동안 배양시켰다. 추출한 호중구에 Toll-like 수용기 억제제 또는 $NF-{\kappa}$ B억제제인 TPCK를 첨가한 후 $37^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 동안 전배양하고 $37^{\circ}C$에서 9시간 동안 배양시켰다. 호중구에 세포뼈대 억제제인 cholchicine, nocodazole, demecolcine, 그리고 cytochalasin B를 A. actinomycetemcomitans의 지질다당질과 함께 $37^{\circ}C$에서 9시간 동안 배양시켰다. 기질금속단백분해효소-8 분비량은 효소면역측정법을 통해 결정하였다. 통계처리는 일원배치 분산분석법을 이용하였다(p<0.05). 3. 결과 A. actinomycetemcomitans 지질다당질은 기질금속단백분해효소-8의 분비를 증가시켰다. 기질금속단백분해효소-8의 분비는 항세포표면 항원무리14에 의해서 억제되었지만, 항 Toll-like 수용기2, 항 Toll-like 수용기4 항체는 억제시키지 못했다. $NF-{\kappa}$ B 억제제는 A. actinomycetemcomitans의 지질다당질로 유도된 $NF-{\kappa}$ B 결합 활성도와 기질금속단백분해효소-8 분비를 억제하였다. 미세섬유 중합반응 억제제는 A. actinomycetemcomitans의 지질다당질로 유도된 기질금속단백분해효소-8의 분비를 억제시켰으나, 미세관 중합반응억제제는 억제시키지 못했다. 4. 결론 위의 연구결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 기질금속단백분해효소-8은 A. actinomycetemcomitans의 지질다당질로 유도되며, 세포표면 항원무리-$NF-{\kappa}$ B 경로를 통하여 분비되고, 이 분비 과정은 미세섬유 계통이 관여하는 것으로 보인다.

The Analgesic Effect and the Mechanism of Electroacupuncture on Thermal Hyperalgesia in the Rat Model of Collagenase-induced Arthritis: Mediation by Adrenergic Receptors (Collagenase-induced Arthritis Rat Model에서 Thermal Hyperalgesia에 대한 전침(電鍼)의 진통효과(鎭痛效果) 및 기전연구: Adrenergic Mechanism에 대(對)한 연구(硏究))

  • Seo, Byung-Kwan;Park, Dong-Suk;Baek, Yong-Hyeon
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.57-67
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    • 2011
  • 목적 : Collagenase-induced osteoarthritis(OA) 동물 모델에서 전침의 adrenergic mechanism을 연구하고자 한다. 방법 : Collagenase-induced arthritis(CIA)를 유발하기 위하여 5주령의 male Sprague-Dawley rat의 뒷다리 좌측 무릎 관절에 0.05ml의 4mg/ml collagenase solution을 intra-articular 주입하고, 다시 4일 후에 같은 부위에 같은 농도의 collagenase solution을 intra-articular boosting injection 시행한 뒤, gross, histopathological features 및 biomarker activity 변화를 관찰하였다. 예비실험을 통하여 CIA rat model에서 진통효과를 발휘하는 것으로 확인한, 족삼리(足三里) ($ST_{36}$)에 대한 저빈도 train pulse EA stimulation (2Hz, 0.07 mA, 0.3ms)을 침치료 방법으로 적용하였다. 전침의 진통기전을 확인하기 위하여, ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic antagonist (prazosin, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist (yohimbine, 2mg/kg, i.p.), ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic receptor agonist(phenylephrine, 2mg/kg, i.p.), ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor agonist(clonidine, $40{\mu}g$/kg, i.p.)을 전침시행 20분 전에 복강 내로 전처치하였다. Tail flick unit(Ugo Basile Model 7360)을 이용하여 열자극에 대한 통증역치를 측정하였다. 결과 : 퇴행성관절염 징후(gross, histopathological features)와 통증역치의 변화가 최대값을 나타내는 CIA 유발 4주차에 저빈도 전침자극(train pulse, 2Hz, 0.07mA, 0.3ms)을 족삼리($ST_{36}$)에 적용하였으며, 족삼리 전침의 진통효과는 ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist(yohimbine, 2mg/kg, i.p.)전처치에 의해 억제되었으나, ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic antagonist(prazosin, 1 mg/kg, i.p.)전처치에는 억제되지 않았다. 또 ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor agonist(clonidine, $40{\mu}g$/kg, i.p.)의 전처치를 통하여 유의한 synergistic analgesic effect가 관찰되었으나, ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic receptor agonist(phenylephrine, 2mg/kg, i.p.)의 전처치는 전침의 진통효과에 synergistic effect를 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 저빈도 족삼리 전침은 CIA로 유발된 염증성 통증에 대하여 진통효과를 발휘하며, 이는 ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor에 의하여 매개되는 것으로 보이며 ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic receptor는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 사료된다.

Studies on Involvement of Central GABAergic Mechanism and Central ${\alpha}_{2}-Adrenoceptors$ in Pressor Responses to Raised Intracranial Pressure (두개내압상승에 의한 혈압상승작용과 중추 GABA계 및 중추 ${\alpha}_{2}$-아드레날린 수용체와의 관계)

  • Kim, Yung-Sik
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.23-32
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    • 1993
  • Recent studies have shown that a GABAergic mechanism in the brain modulates arterial blood pressure (BP) through alterations of sympathetic activity in the brain. The purpose of the present study was to determine if this modulation is involved in the pressor response to raised intracranial pressure (ICP). The pressor response to raised ICP was abolished by pretreatment of anesthetized rabbits with intracerebroventricular (icv) muscimol (a GABA agonist) as well as with icv clonidine $(an\;{\alpha}_2-agonist)$. Raising ICP in the hypertensive state after icv yohimbine $(an\;{\alpha}_2-antagonist)$ did not cause an additional increase in the BP, whereas raising ICP in the hypertensive state following icv bicuculline (a GABA antagonist) produced a further increase. Bicuculline produced an increase of the BP which had been lowered by muscimol or by clonidine, whereas it failed to increase the hypertensive state induced by either previous yohimbine or raised ICP. Yohimbine reversed the BP which had been made low by clonidine but was incapable of raising the hypotensive state after muscimol. Yohimbine failed to increase the heightened BP due to raised ICP, whereas bicuculline-induced pressor state was further elevated by yohimbine. Muscimol, besides the bicuculline-antagonizing property, inhibited the pressor response to yohimbine, suggesting participation of a GABAergic mechanism in the pressor action of yohimbine. From these results it was inferred that there were three ways in which BP could be increased via raised ICP: inactivation of the inhibitory sympathetic activity through (1) ${\alpha}_{2}-adrenoceptors$, (2) bicuculline-sensitive GABA receptors, (3) yohimbine-sensitive, clonidine-acting GABAergic sites.

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Experimental Studies on Uterine Catecholamines (Catecholamines에 관(關)하여 -제5편(第五編) : 자궁(子宮) catecholamines에 관한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究)-)

  • Lee, Woo-Choo
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.37-60
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    • 1983
  • The uterus receives adrenergic terminals from the mesenteric ganglia and considerably large amount of catecholamines have been shown to be contained in this organ. On the other hand, the activities of epinephrine, norepinephrine or adrenergic nerve on uterine motility is so complicated that many controversial results have been reporter. Recently, a large number of reports concerning the changes of uterine catecholamines content have appeared, but little is known about the role of uterine catecholamines in their activities on uterine motility. The present experiments were undertaken to determine the significance of the intrinsic uterine catecholamines in the physiology of uterus. Female albino rabbits weighing approximately 2 kg were employed in this experiment. uterine strip3 were prepared and suspended in a constant temperature $bath(38^{\circ}C)$ containing 100 ml of Locke's solution aerated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Spontaneous motility was recorded on a smoked drum with an isotonic lever. The catecholamines concentration of the uterus was determined according to the Procedure described of Shore and Olin (1958). Human uterus obtained from patients was also used to determine the catecholam ines content of myometrium. Followings are summarized results. 1) On the non-pregnant rabbit uterine strips, epinephrine and norepinephrine significantly elevated the tonus and stimulated the spontaneous motility. Pretreatment with dichloroisoproterenol(DCI), an adrenergic beta-receptor blocker, enhanced the stimulatory activity of epinephrine or norepinephrine. On the other hand, pretreatment with dibenamine, an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocker, rendered the uterine muscle to exhibit inhibition after the administration of epinephrine or norepinephrine. Following the treatment with both DCI and dibenamine, epinephrine or norepinephrine produced no appreciable effects on the spontaneous motility of the uterus. These results suggest there exist both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors in the uterine muscle and the response to epinephrine of the former is predominant over that of latter in the non-pregnant uterus of rabbits. The total catecholamines concentration of the non-pregnant uterus was $351\;m{\mu}g/g$ and the fractional concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were $125\;m{\mu}g/g(35.7%)$ and $226\;m{\mu}g/g$ respectively. It is interesting to note that the catecholamines content of uterus was characterized by a high fractional corcentration of epinephrine relative to norepinephrine. 2) On the pregnant rabbit uterine strips, the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine varied according to the period of pregnancy. The response to epinephrine of adrenergic beta receptor of uterus increased during pregnancy, and the effect of catecholamine was inhibitory in the early pregnancy but became stimulatory as the pregnancy progressed. This stimulating action on the uterine motility was found to occur through the action of norepinephrine. The uterine catecholamines concentration was markedly reduced during pregnancy. The catecholamines concentration was started to decrease in the early pregnancy, reached the lowest level in the mid-pregnancy and then started to increaae again in the late pregnancy when the total catecholamines content became the highest level of all. This increase of catefholamines in late pregnancy was chiefly due to the increase of norepinephrine. These results suggest that the uterine motility may be related to the catecholamines content, especially norepinephrine content in the uterus. 3) Bilateral oophorectomy of rabbits results in a marked shrink of the uterus in size. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment of these animals was very weak and irregular. Norepinephrine produced inhibitory effect, whereas epinephrine was stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The total catecholamines tontent in whole uterus was markedly reduced. The injection of estrogen into the oophorectornized rabbit increased the weight of uterus to approximately three times of that of oophorectornized animal. The apontaneous motility and the response to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterine segment were greatly enhanced. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine produced a marked stimulatory effects of the uterine motility. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly epinephrine, was markedly increased. The injection of progesterone into the oophorectornized rabbit increaeed the weight of uterus to approximately 2.5 times of that of eophorectornized animal. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment was weak and irregular. Epinephrine produced stimulatory effect at high concentrations but norepinephrine always prcdnced inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of norepinephrine, was markedly reduced. These results suggested that ovarian hormones play an important role not only on the growth and spontaneous norepinephrine of uterus but also on the catecholamines content and responee to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterus. 4) The intraperitoneal injection of reserpine(3 mg/kg) into the non-pregnant, pregnant and oophorectornieed rabbits markedly decreased the uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of the norepinephrine. The stimulatory response to epinephrine and. norepinephrine of the uterine segment of these reserpinized ratbits was markedly reduced whereas the inhibitory response to these catecholamines was enhanced. This finding further support the close relationship between the uterine catecholamines content and uterine response to epineptrire and norepinephrine. 5) In the human uterus, the concentration of epinephrine was actrally greater than that of norepinephrine and it was significantly greater during the proliferative phase of the menstrtal cycle. In the human pregnant uterus, the concentrations of toth epinephrine and ncrefinephrine were markedly reduced and showed about 45 percent rednction after 6-8 weeks of ectopic Pregnancy. At full term ana during labor, the concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine at placental sites were less than those found in the non-pregnant group. Of interest was the finding that the norepinephrine concentration of uterus from toxemic patients was two and half times higher than that of lower uterine segment of the nontoxemic pregnant individuals. Also the epinephrine concentraticn was slightly increaeed.

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