• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.171-188
• /
• 1977

The response and effect on main upland crops to potassium were discussed and summarized as follows. 1. Adequate average amounts of potash per 10a were 32kg for forage crop; 22.5kg for vegetable crops; 17.3kg for fruit trees; 13.3kg for potatoes; and 6.5kg for cereal crops. Demand of potassium fertilizer in the future will be increased by expanding the acreage of forage crops, vegetable crops and fruit trees. 2. On the average, optimum potash rates on barley, wheat, soybean, corn, white potato and sweet potato were 6.5, 6.9, 4.5, 8.1, 8.9, and 17.7kg per 10a respectively. Yield increaments per 1kg of potash per 10a were 4-5kgs on the average for cereal crops, 68kg for white potato, and 24kg for sweet potato. 3. According to the soil testing data, the exchangeable potassium in the coastal area was higher than that in the inland area and medium in the mountainous area. The exchangeable potassium per province in decreasing order is Jeju>Jeonnam>Kangweon>Kyongnam. Barley : 4. The response of barley to an adequate rate of potassium seemed to be affected more by differences in climatic conditions than to the nature of the soil. 5. The response and the adequate rate of potassium in the southern area, where the temperature is higher, were low because of more release of potassium from the soil. However, the adequate rate of phosphorus was increased due to the fixation of applied phosphorus into the soil in high temperature regions. The more nitrogen application would be required in the southern area due to its high precipitation. 6. The average response of barley to potassium was lower in the southern provinces than northern provinces. Kyongsangpukdo, a southern province, showed a relatively higher response because of the low exchangeable potassium content in the soil and the low-temperature environment in most of cultivation area. 7. Large annual variations in the response to and adequate rates of potassium on barley were noticed. In a cold year, the response of barley to potassium was 2 to 3 times higher than in a normal year. And in the year affected by moisture and drought damage, the responses to potassium was low but adequate rates was higher than cold year. 8. The content of exchangeable potassium in the soil parent materials, in increasing order was Crystalline Schist, Granite, Sedimentary and Basalt. The response of barley to potash occurred in the opposite order with the smallest response being in Crystalline Schist soil. There was a negative correlation between the response and exchangeable potassium contents but there was nearly no difference in the adequate rates of potassium. 9. Exchangeable potassium according to the mode of soil deposition was Alluvium>Residium>Old alluvium>Valley alluvium. The highest response to potash was obtained in Valley alluvium while the other s showed only small differences in responses. 10. Response and adequate rates of potassium seemed to be affected greatly by differences in soil texture. The response to potassium was higher in Sandy loam and Loam soils but the optimum rate of potassium was higher in Clay and Clay loam. Especially when excess amount of potassium was applied in Sandy loam and Loam soils the yield was decreased. 11. The application of potassium retarded the heading date by 1.7 days and increased the length of culm. the number of spikelet per plant, the 1,000 grain weight and the ratio of grain weight to straw. Soybean : 12. Average response of soybean to potassium was the lowest among other cereal crops but 28kg of grain yield was incrased by applying potash at 8kg/10a in newly reclaimed soils. 13. The response in the parent materials soil was in the order of Basalt (Jeju)>Sedimentay>Granite>Lime stone but this response has very wide variations year to year. Corn : 14. The response of corn to potassium decreased in soils where the exchangeable potassium content was high. However, the optimum rate of applied potassium was increased as the soil potassium content was increased because corn production is proportional to the content of soil potassium. 15. An interaction between the response to potassium and the level of phosphorus was noted. A higher response to potassium and higher rates of applied potassium was observed in soils contained optimum level of phosphorus. Potatoes : 16. White potato had a higher requirement for nitrogen than for potassium, which may imply that potato seems to have a higher capability of soil potassium uptake. 17. The yield of white potato was higher in Sandy loam than in Clay loam soil. Potato yields were also higher in soils where the exchangeable potassium content was high even in the same soil texture. However, the response to applied potassium was higher in Clay loam soils than in Sandy loam soils and in paddy soil than in upland soil. 18. The requirement for nitrogen and phosphorus by sweet potato was relatively low. The sweet potato yield is relatively high even under unfavorable soil conditions. A characteristics of sweet potatoes is to require higher level of potassium and to show significant responses to potassium. 19. The response of sweet potato to potassium varied according to soil texture. Higher yields were obtained in Sandy soil, which has a low exchangeable potassium content, by applying sufficient potassium. 20. When the optimum rate of potassium was applied, the yields of sweet potato in newly reclaimed soil were comparable to that in older upland soils.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.99-103
• /
• 2011

Purpose: Head movement during brain perfusion SPECT (Diamox) scan is a one of important issues which decreases image quality. It also causes repeated scans. This study was designed to evaluate variable factors causing scan failures. Materials and Methods: 676 patients (359 men, 317 women, age average $54.5{\pm}18.4$) for brain perfusion SPECT (Diamox) scan from March, 2010 to Feb. 2011 were used as a subject. Age data and the kind of disease(Moyamoya disease (MMD), None moyamoya disease (NMMD), Cerebral infarction (CI)), test performance outcome (success,failure) were collected. The head movement factors(gender, disease, age, head fixation device) were evaluated by chi-square test and logistic regression analysis Results: The result showed that men had higher scan failure rate than women. Seniors in seventies(men 3.4%, women 1.5%) showed the most highest failure rate. Using head fixation device increased scan success rate up to 94.4~97.7%. The scan success rate is dependent upon gender, head fixation device by chi-square test(${\chi}^2$=3.8 (df=1, p<0.05), ${\chi}^2$=10.4 (df=1, p<0.001)) Gender, disease(CI), head fixation device showed very effective result in logistic regression analysis.(Wald=3.3 (p<0.07), Wald=3.7 (p<0.05), Wald=9.3 (p<0.05) Conclusion: It is demonstrated that gender, disease, using head fixation device is statistically very useful factors. Especially, head fixation device is a main key minimizing repeated scan.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.172-176
• /
• 2005

Recently, many researches on the high-voltage 5 V class cathode material have focused on $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$, where $Mn^{3+}$ in the existing $LiMn_2O_4 (Li[Mn^{3+}][Mn^{4+}]O_4)$ is replaced by $Ni^{2+}(Li[Ni^{2+}]_{0.5}[Mn^{4+}]_{1.5}O_4)$ in order to utilize $Ni^{2+}/Ni^{4+}$ redox reaction in the 5V region. The partial substitution of Mn in $LiMn_2O_4$ for other transition metal element, $LiM_yMn_{1-y}O_4$(M=Cr, Al, Ni, Fe, Co, Cu, Ga etc) is known as a good solution to overcome the problems associated with $LiMn_2O_4$ like the gradual capacity fading. In this study, we synthesized $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ through a mechanochemical process and investigated its morphological, crystallographic and electrochemical characteristics. The results showed that 4 V peaks had been found in the cyclic volammograms of the synthesized powders due to the existence of $Mn^{3+}$ from the incomplete substitution of $Ni^{2+}$ for $Mn^{3+}$ implying that the mechanochemical activation alone was not good enough to synthesize an exact stoichiometric compound of $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$. The synthetic condition of mechanochemical process, such as type of starting materials, ball-mill and calcination condition was optimized for the best electrochemical performance.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.334-341
• /
• 2001

Purpose: Ascorbic acid us known to act as an antioxidant. Therefore, it can be used in increasing the efficiency of radiochemical labeling of Technetium-99m setamibi by inhibition of oxidation of $Sn^{2+}$ at low concentration. We intended to estimate the efficiency of radiochemical labeling and the stability of the newly formed formulation when ascorbic acid was added to a commercial kit. Materials and Methods: Synthesis of sestamibi was performed according to Dong-A's patent procedure (No.10-2001-0012877). First, we undertook a study to evaluate the efficiency of radiochemical labeling of sestamibi containing ascorbic acid. The stability of the vials was assessed using either $7.5{\mu}g\;or\;75{\mu}g$ of ascorbic acid, added to commercial vials under the accelerated condition(Temp : $40^{\circ}C{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, Relative humidity : $75{\pm}5%$). Results: Sestamibi was synthesized in overall 35-40% yield over 5 steps from a commercially available methallyl chloride as a starling material. When ascorbic acid was added, the efficiency of radiochemical labeling was maintained compared to the vial with no ascorbic acid. The accelerated test showed that the addition of ascorbic acid inhibited the oxidation of $Sn^{2+}$ ion by antioxidation mechanism. Also, the efficiency of radiochemical labeling of this vial after 9 months was nearly the same as the starting point. Therefore, the storage period of the kit is likely to be extended. Taken together, it suggests that the addition of ascorbic acid as a stabilizer is desirable. Conclusion: To increase the stability of a sestamibi cold kit, it is desirable to add ascorbic acid as a stabilizer to the commercial formulation.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.83-86
• /
• 2010

Purpose: The Molybdenum which is the raw material of $^{99}Mo$-$^{99m}Tc$ generator (generator) is produced from the nuclear reactor. However, output has dwindled as the two nuclear reactors supplying the bulk of radioactive material-one in Chalk River, Ontario and the other in Petten, the Netherlands-have been closed for repairs or maintenance. This resulted in the enhancement of its price. Therefore we have tried to seek the new method which could run generator to increase activity of $^{99m}Tc$ in this study. Materials and Methods: The $^{99m}Tc$ activity obtained from 5 times elution for 5 days from Monday to Friday using two generators was compared with 10 times elution. Appearance test, pH test, LAL test, sterility test, chemical impurity(Al) test, radio chemical purity test, ratio of $^{99}Mo$/$^{99m}Tc$ activity test have been done to check the stability of $^{99m}Tc$ eluting from generator respectively. Results: The $^{99m}Tc$ activity obtained from 5 times elution for 5 days was 168.2 GBq (4545 mCi) and 10 times was 230.5 GBq (6230 mCi). All quality control tests were within normal limit. Conclusion: We got to know that 2 times elution a day obtained more $^{99m}Tc$ activity than one time elution in this study.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 2003

Purpose: To evaluate the long term significance of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen (Ag) as a tumor marker in uterine cervix carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The SCC antigen levels of pre-radiotherapy and serial post-radiotherapy serum were analyzed in 48 patients who received radiotherapy with histologically proven primary SCC of the uterine cervix. Results: Pre-radiotherapy SCC Ag level was high ($\geq$2 ng/ml) at 79.2$\%$. After the treatment, the SCC Ag level was significantly decreased. The SCC Ag level measured at about 3 months after radiotherapy was high at 23.0$\%$. In further follow up measurements, a rise of the SCC Ag to a high level was well associated with clinical relapse. The specificity of the elevated SCC Ag level in association with recurrent or persistent disease was 100$\%$, and the sensitivity was 85.7$\%$. In 3 of 4 lung metastasis cases, lung lesions were detected in chest PA before elevation of the SCC Ag level. The median lead time of the high SCC Ag level to clinical recurrence was 4 months. Conclusion: SCC Ag was a good tumor marker for monitoring treatment effect in patients with increased pre-treatment levels except in case of early lung metastasis. Elevation of the SCC Ag level after radiotherapy accurately predicted the treatment failure with lead time of 4 months. But, in early lung metastasis cases, the SCC level may be normal temporarily. Thus, chest PA should be checked to evaluate the presence of lung metastasis.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.238-253
• /
• 2000

In the eastern part of the Euiseong Basin acidic~intermediate volcanic rocks widely distribute on the Cretaceous sedimentary basement. Coeval granitic rocks and dyke rocks intruded into the volcanic rocks. Volcanic stratigraphy of study area are andesite lava, dacitic lapilli tuff, dacitic flow-banded lava, rhyolitic bedded tuff, rhyolitic massive tuff, dacitic massive lava, rhyolitlc welded tuff occur from the lower to the upper strata. $SiO_2$ content of the volcanic rocks range from 51 to 74 wt.%. With the increase of $SiO_2$, the contents of $TiO_2$, $Al_2$$O_3$, MgO, FeOT MnO, CaO, $P_2$$O_{5}$ decrease but those of $K_2$O increase. The contents of $Na_2$O show dispersive variation. This trend is quite sim-ilar to the major oxide variation in the volcanic rocks from the Yucheon sub-basin. The geochemical natures indicate that the volcanic rocks in the study area are discriminated to the island-arc type high K to medium K calc-alkaline rocks. The compositional variation of the volcanic rocks can be explained by the plagioclase fractionation of the volcanic magmas originated from similar source materials. The volcanic stratigraphy seems to have formed by at least two eruptive sequences of andesitic to rhyolitic and dacitic to rhyolitic magmas which underwent crystallization differentiation.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2007

The material compressions in the vertical composting reactor affect to the biodegradation rates of the organic wastes. This study investigated the variations of physical properties of the composting materials according to the height of reactor due to affect to the settlement in the vertical composting reactor. The variations of decreased temperature after peak temperature showed the different patterns depending on the reactor heights. The variation width of re-increased temperature after peak temperature was reduced as the mixing operations were increased, and increased as the height of reactor elevated. The moisture content and the variation width of the moisture content were increased higher as the height of the reactor became higher. The variations of the bulk density at each height of vertical reactor showed the same tendency comparing with those of the moisture content. The relationship between bulk density and moisture content had shown the quadratic equation (r2=0.94). The dry solid contents at each reactor height were decreased as the height of reactor were increased. The results of the variation of the physical properties during the composting process were caused by the downward compression of the material into the reactor. Settlement rate in the vertical composting reactor was estimated about 2.184cm/day. To increase the biodegradation efficiency in the vertical reactor, the conditions of air path in the composting material matrix have to be investigated afterwards.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2002

Purpose : Measurement of transmission dose is useful for in vivo dosimetry. In this study, previous algorithm for estimation of transmission dose was modified for use in cases with tissue deficit. Materials and Methods : The beam data was measured with flat solid phantom in various conditions of tissue deficit. New algorithm for correction of transmission dose for tissue deficit was developed by physical reasoning. The algorithm was tested in experimental settings with irregular contours mimicking breast cancer patients using multiple sheets of solid phantoms. Results : The correction algorithm for tissue deficit could accurately reflect the effect of tissue deficit with errors within ${\pm}1.0\%$ in most situations and within ${\pm}3.0\%$ in experimental settings with irregular contours mimicking breast cancer treatment set-up. Conclusion : Developed algorithm could accurately reflect the effect of tissue deficit and irregularly shaped body contour on transmission dosimetry.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.10
• /
• pp.77-80
• /
• 1969

The purpose of this study is to find out reasonable method for the estimation of silk yield in cocoon layer. Two season's cocoons were used as the materials, and three characters, cocoon weight (X$_1$), cocoon layer weight (X$_2$), and cocoon layer ratio (X$_3$) were studied. The formulae to estimate the silk yield of cocoon weight are as follows: 1. Estimation of silk yield in cocoon weight of the spring cocoons. 1). the case of cocoon weight 200 cg above; Y= 12.93＋0.0863X$_1$＋0.2135X$_2$＋2.1137X$_3$ 2). the case of cocoon weight 180～200 cg; Y= 18.59＋0.1354X$_1$＋0.0763X$_2$＋1.7397X$_3$ 3). the case of cocoon weight 160～180 cg; Y= 133.39-0.4400X$_1$＋2.6595X$_2$-3.4364X$_3$ 4). the case of cocoon weight 160 cg under; Y-71.74-0.213X$_1$＋1.3100X$_2$-0.0101X$_3$ 2. Estimation of silk yield in cocoon weight of the autumn cocoons. 1). the case of cocoon weight 180～200 cg; Y=214.07-0.8078X$_1$＋4.1664X$_2$-6.8229X$_3$ 2). the case of cocoon weight 160～180 cg; Y=40.16-0.0264X$_1$＋0.1896X$_2$＋1.9299X$_3$ 3). the case of cocoon weight 130～160 cg; Y= 86.64-0.3352X$_1$＋1.6104X$_2$-0.2110X$_3$ 4). the case of cocoon weight 130cg under; Y=207.76-1.4579X$_1$＋7.7811X$_2$-6.9496X$_3$