• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.273-276
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• 1995

In vitro propagation of Neoregeria carorinae 'Tricolor' was achieved by using immature flowers and lateral buds, and the plantlets from tissue culture were transplanted and cultivated in greenhouse. The picking times of explants to decrease disappearance of stripes, and in vivo the growth and flowering of regenerated plantlets as influenced by in vivo healed nun were investigated. The normal plantlet were obtained at a frequency of 67%, in the culture of immature flowers picked at 4 weeks after flower bud differentiation, while all leaf stripes disappeared in the culture of immature flowers picked 1 and 5 weeks after flower bud differentiation. In vivo growth of plantlet from immature flower buds was better than those from lateral buds, and the flowering of 27.8% showed in the greenhouse culture of plantlet from immature culture, but the plantlets from lateral buds did not flower at all. The plantlets rooted on the medium with 0.5 mg/L IBA were the most favorable in green house culture, and the kinds and concentrations of auxin in vitro did not have any influence on variation of plane cultured in greenhouse.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.104-115
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• 1992

The present study was conducted to compare the relative efficiency of four different breeding methods in tobacco varietal development. A single Fl hybrid plant from cross of two flue-cured cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum L Bright Yellow 4(BY4) and NC95, was selfed. F2population above cross was screened for resistance against bacterial wilt caused by Pseudommonas solanacearum E.F.Smith under the naturally infested field conditions, and the 30 lines were developed from F2 individual plant by anther culture (ADH), maternal method utilizing Nicotiana afpicana (MDH), single- seed descent(SSD) and Bulk breeding method, respectively. All characters except content of total alkaloids of ADH and MDH which wore bred by haploid methods reduced more than that of lines bred by conventional methods(SSD & Bulk) : however, the yields were 8% lower than other lines. The total alkaloid content of ADH was higher than that of MDH, and yield was reduced about 4n even though the number of leaf was identical with the MDH. All other characters of ADH were also reduced significantly. In the lines bred by conventional methods, population developed by SSD showed significantly wider leaf width, shorter plant height, later days to flower, and lower in percent reducing sugar than those by Bulk. The populations derived from haploid method showed greater phenotypic variance and wider range of variation than conventionally developed ones. The results obtained indicate that selection will provide a significantly greater genetic gain for leaf number and leaf length in the ADU and MDH populations, and for plant height and days to flower in the SSD and Bulk populations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2000

A survey on the preference of kimchi and actual amounts of kimchi intake conducted from july to october 1999 to get basic information needed for the augmentation of kimchi intake. Total 1,241 of women and men aged $10{\sim}60$ in kyung-nam area participated in this survey. Except people aged $20{\sim}30$, all of subjects, especially in people aged 60 and over, liked fresh prepared kimchi best, and then fermented kimchi. But all of subjects disliked over fermented kimchi.(p<0.001) And women$(4.3{\pm}0.9)$ liked better fresh prepared kimchi than men$(4.2{\pm}1.0)$, men$(4.0{\pm}0.9)$ liked better fermented kimchi than women$(3.9{\pm}1.1)$.(p<0.05) In subjects aged above 40, as age grow up, the preference of fermented kimchi and over fermented kimchi grew lower. All of subjects best liked chinease cabbage kimchi, and then chonggak kimchi, kakdugi, yeulmu kimchi, dongchimi in order. And women liked better nabag kimchi, yeulmu kimchi, sesame leaf kimchi, bek kimchi, cucumber kimchi, godulppegi kimchi than men and men liked better chinease cabbage kimchi, kakdugi, dongchimi than women.(p<0.05) People aged $10{\sim}20$ and above 60 disliked chonggag kimchi. The preference of kakdugi were high in people aged $10{\sim}20$, but as age grow up, the preference of kakdugi became lower.(p<0.001) The preference of nabak kimchi and dongchimi with juice were significantly high in people aged 60 and over but people aged $10{\sim}20$ disliked. Also subjects aged $10{\sim}20$ disliked significantly yeulmu kimchi, sesame leaf kimchi, green onion kimchi, bek kimchi, cucumber kimchi, mustard leaf kimchi and godulppegi kimchi and subjects aged $20{\sim}30$ disliked significantly yeulmu kimchi, mustard leaf kimchi, godulppegi kimchi(p<0.001). But subject aged 30 and older liked all kinds of kimchi. The amounts of kimchi intake in Kyung-nam area were same level of average amount(100g) of korean intake but the amounts of kimchi intake of men$(106.4{\pm}74.0)$ were more than women$(96.9{\pm}69.5)$(p<0.05)

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.104-110
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• 2013

This study assessed hazards at the harvest stage of strawberry farms which may cause risk to humans. A total of 216 samples were collected from 6 strawberry farms (soil culture farms: A, B, C; nutriculture farms: D, E, F) located in Western Gyeongnam. The collected samples were subjected for sanitary indicator bacteria (aerobic plate count, coliforms and Escherichia coli), major foodborne pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), and fungi. The levels of APC and coliform in the soil culture farms were 1.0-6.9 and 0.4-4.6 log CFU/g (leaf, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$), respectively. The samples obtained from the nutriculture farms were contaminated with the levels of 0.8-4.9, and 0.2-2.6 log CFU/g (leaf, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$) of APC and coliform. However, E. coli was not detected in any samples. In major foodborne pathogens, S. aureus was detected at the level of ${\leq}$3.3 log CFU/hand in workers' hand samples and B. cereus was detected at the levels of 0.4-4.1 log CFU/g (hand or 100 $cm^2$) in soil, plants and workers' hygiene. L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. were not detected. Fungi were detected at the levels of 1.0-5.2 and 0.2-4.4 log CFU/g (leaf, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$) in soil culture and nutriculture farms, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2009

Rhodiola sachalinensis is one of the most popular oriental medicines in East Asia. It is a perennial herb, belonging to the family Crassulaceae, which is mainly distributed in mountains at the altitudes of 1700-2500 m in Baek-Du mountain. Cultivation of this species for the production of medicine materials is not easy in nature, because of restrict habitats. In vitro production of roots can be applicable for the production of medicinal materials. Here, we investigated the optimal conditions for induction and proliferation of adventitious roots in in vitro culture system. Leaf, stem and root segments from R. sachalinensis were cultured on Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium supplemented with the various concentrations of IBA(Indole-3-butyric acid)(0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/L) and sucrose(10, 30, 50, and 100 g/L). The optimal explant for adventitious root induction was leaf segment. Induction of adventitious roots was highest on MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L IBA and sucrose 30 g/L. In liquid culture, fresh weight of adventitious roots was highest(15.65 g) on 1/3 strength MS liquid medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L IBA with 30 g/L sucrose. These results revealed the first attempt for the production of adventitious roots in R. sachalinensis.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.232-238
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• 1997

Culture conditions affecting mycelial growth and sporulation of P. theae, SP2, SP3 and P. longiseta which causing leaf blight on oriental persimmon leaf blight have been investigated. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth and sporulation on potato dextrose agar was $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ in all the fungi, but was inhibited and finally arrested at 10 and $30^{\circ}C$. The optimum pH for mycelial growth and sporulation were ranged at pH 4.5~5.0 and 5.0~6.0 in all the fungi. Lenonian agar, potato sucrose agar and oatmeal medium were good culture media for the mycelial growth and sporulation of all the fungi. The effective sources of nitrogen and carbon for the mycelial growth were tryptone, glycine, starch, dextrose, galactose and lactose. Glutamic acid, peptone and tryptone were good nitrogen sources for sporulation of the fungi. Sucrose, starch and galactose were also good carbon sources for sporulation. Generally, vitamins had no effect on mycelial growth and sporulation. The pH of the potato dextrose broth inoculated with SP2, SP3 and P. theae and P. longiseta was changed from 7.0 to 4.5~4.7 and 5.0~5.4 after incubating for 10 days, respectively. But, the initial pH of the medium adjusted to 5.0 was lowered to 4.5~4.7 after incubating for 10 days.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 2020

Ashwagandha is an important ancient medicinal crops, being affected with many diseases, among which leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata has become the constraint resulting in huge yield losses. Continuous usage of chemical methods leads to environment, soil and water pollution. Whereas biological control of diseases is long lasting, inexpensive, eco-friendly and harmless to target organisms. In this context, it is aimed to evaluate five Trichoderma strains viz. Trichoderma virens IMI-392430, T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431, T. harzianum IMI-392432, T. harzianum IMI-392433 and T. harzianum IMI-392434 as bio-control efficacy against A. alternata and growth promoting effect in Ashwagandha. All the Trichoderma strains had varied antagonistic effects against the pathogen. In dual culture technique, the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 showed maximum percentage inhibition of mycelial growth (54.89%) followed by T. harzianum IMI-392432 (53.83%), T. harzianum IMI-392434 (48.94%) and T. virens IMI-392430, (43.62%) against the pathogen, while the least inhibition percentage was observed with the T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (36.60%). The culture filtrate of the Trichoderma strain, T. harzianum IMI-392433 recorded highest inhibition on the mycelial growth (39.05%) and spore germination (80.77%) of pathogen and the lowest was recorded in T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (20.45 and 50%). Moreover, seeds treated with spore suspension of the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 reduced the percentages of disease severity index significantly. The strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 also significantly increased seed germination %, seedling vigor and growth of Ashwagandha. The correlation matrix showed that root yield per plant of Ashwagandha had significant and positive correlation with plant height (r=0.726^⁎⁎), number of leaf (r=0.514^⁎⁎), number of primary branch (r=0.820^⁎⁎), number of secondary branch (r=0.829^⁎⁎), fresh plant weight (r=0.887^⁎⁎), plant dry weight (r=0.613^⁎⁎), root length (r=0.824^⁎⁎), root diameter (r=0.786^⁎⁎), root dry weight (r=0.739^⁎⁎) and fresh root weight (r=0.731^⁎⁎). The significant and negative correlation (r=-0.336^⁎⁎) was observed with the root yield and percentages of disease severity index. The study recognized that the T. harzianum IMI-392433 strain performed well in inhibiting the mycelial growth and reduced the percentages of disease severity index of pathogen as well as increased the plant growth in Ashwagandha.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1998

This study was carried out in order to establish plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from leaf explant of Ostericum koreanum Kitagawa and to elucidate the effects of NAA and cytokinins (kinetin, BA) on the abnormalities of somatic embryo and the relationship between thecotyledon numberand germinability. Calli were formed on leaf explants cultured on MS agar medium supplemented with various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 mg/L) of NAA and cytokinins. The calli were white, watery and soft, became browning during cultures. Somatic embryos were formed from pale yellowish calli derived browning calli. High frequency somatic embryos were observed on MS medium containing 1 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L BA after 60 days of culture. The mature somatic embryos germinated into plantlets without subculture after 2 weeks. The frequency of normal somatic embryo with two cotyledons was 39.8%. On the other hand, cotyledonary abnormalities of somatic embryos were observed at considerable frequency: 33.6% of somatic embryo with one cotyledon, 15.3% cotyledons with three, 8.2% four cotyledons and 3.1% jar shaped cotyledon. Germination frequency of somatic embryos with two cotyledons was 97.4%, and that of the embryos with abnormal cotyledon was almost similar to that of embryos with two cotyledons, except jar shaped somatic embryos (33.3%).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.461-471
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• 2011

This study was carried out to establish an in vitro culture method of callus having a high antioxidant activity from Ginkgo biloba L. Leaf explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with various growth regulators. The explants were incubated in the dark or 3,000 lux cool-white light. Methanol extracts from incubated callus were evaluated for scavenging activity of the free radicals using DPPH. The best callus growth rate was achieved in MS medium combined with 10 ${\mu}M$ NAA and 5 ${\mu}M$ kinetin in the light condition. Total antioxidant activity of cell aggregates in suspension culture [MS medium supplemented with 10 ${\mu}M$ NAA in the light] was up to 80% of ascorbic acid. By means of HPLC analysis, quantification of the quercetin dehydrate and keamperol profiles from suspension callus was compared. Contents of quercetin dehydrate and keamperol from leaf extracts were 0.07 and 2.24 ${\mu}g/20{\mu}l$, and those from callus 0.56 and 0.18 ${\mu}g/20{\mu}l$, respectively.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.117-124
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• 2019

Objective : Broccoli is edible green plant that has a wide variety of health benefits including cancer prevention and cholesterol reduction. However, leaves of broccoli are not eaten and are mostly left as waste. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the broccoli leaf extract (BLE) on prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production related to nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. Methods : BLE was prepared by extracting dried leaf with ethanol. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. PGE₂ and inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression level of each protein was monitored by Western blot analysis. Results : In LPS-activated Raw264.7 cells, PGE₂ release into culture medium was dramatically enhanced compared to control cells. However, increased PGE₂ was attenuated dose-dependently by treatment with BLE. Inhibition of PGE₂ production by BLE was due to the suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression determined by Western blot analysis. BLE also inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Inhibition at PGE₂ and cytokine was mediated from inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB due to the repression of inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation and degradation. Conclusion : This study showed that BLE exerted inhibitory activities against PGE₂, which is critical for the initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses, and that inhibition of PGE₂ was mediated by suppression of NF-κB signaling. These results suggest that the waste broccoli leaves could be used for controlling inflammation.