• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.273-283
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• 1998

Single and 4 weeks oral administration of New wonbangwoohwangchungsimwon (NSCH) which was used l-muscone as substitutive material qf musk, to beagle dogs of both sexes were per-formed to investigate both acute and subacute toxicity. Beagle dogs (3 males and 3 females) in acute experiments were administered orally with single dose of 2,000 mg/kg and groups of 9 male and 9 female beagle dogs in subacute experiments were given daily different dosage of NSCH, 160 mg/kg/day (low dosage group), 400 mg/kg/day (middle dosage group), 1,000 mg/kg/day (high dosage group) once a day for 4 weeks by oral route according to the Established Regulation of Korea Food and Drug Ad-ministration (l996. 4. 16). $LD_{50}$ value for beagle dogs was more than 2,000 mg/kg per oral for both male and females. In animals administered with NSCH, there were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical sign, urinalysis, eye examination, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weight and other fingings. No histological lesions were observed in both control and treatment groups. Above data strongly suggset that NSCH in beagle dogs is considered to be safe.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.249-260
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• 1998

Single and 4 weeks oral administration of New Woohwangchungsimwon (NWCH) which was used l-muscone as substitutive material of musk, to beagle dogs of both sexes were performed to investigate both acute and subacute toxicity. Beagle dogs(3 males and 3 females) in acute experiments were administered orally with single dose of 2,000 mg/kg and groups of 9 male and 9 female beagle dogs in subacute experiments were given daily different dosage of NWCH, 160 mg/kg/day (low dosage group), 400 mg/kg/day (middle dosage group), 1,000 mg/kg/day (high dosage group) once a day for 4 weeks by oral route according to the Established Regulation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (1996. 4. 16). $LD_{50}$/ value for beagle dogs was more than 2,000 mg/kg per oral for both male and fe-males. In animals administered with NWCH, there were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical sign, urinalysis, eye examination, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weight and other fingings. No histological lesions were observed in both control and treatment groups. Above data strongly suggset that NWCH in beagle dogs is considered to be safe.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제3권2_3호
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• pp.163-175
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• 2006

This research was conducted to determine effect of pumice aggregate ratio, cement dosage and slumps on freeze-thaw resistance, density, water absorption and elasticity of concrete. In the first batch, $300kg/m^3$ cement dosage were kept constant and pumice ratios were changed as 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of replacement for normal aggregate by volume for $3{\pm}1cm$, $5{\pm}1cm$ and $7{\pm}1cm$ slumps. Other batches were prepared with $200kg/m^3$, $250kg/m^3$, $350kg/m^3$, $400kg/m^3$ and $500kg/m^3$ cement dosages and 25% pumice aggregate +75% normal aggregate at a constant slump. Test results showed that when pumice-aggregate ratio decreased the density and freeze-thaw resistance of concretes increased. With increasing of cement dosage in the mixtures, density of the concretes increased, however, freeze-thaw resistance of concretes decreased. Water absorption of the concrete decreased with increasing cement dosage but increased with the pumice ratio. Water absorption of the concrete also decreased after freeze-thaw cycles. Freeze-thaw resistance of concretes was decreased with increasing the slumps.

• 약학회지
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2015

A Softgel is an oral dosage form for medicine similar to capsules and softgel dosage form offers several advantages over other oral dosage forms, such as delivering a liquid matrix designed to solubilize and improve the oral bioavailability of a poorly soluble compound as a unit dose solid dosage form, delivering low and ultra-low doses of a compound. This study aimed to qualify a proprietary vegetable soft capsule which contains modified starch and carrageenan as capsule shell components compare to the conventional gelatin softgel. Four kinds of samples were prepared with vegetable and gelatin capsule shell, respectively. Morphology of capsule shell, mechanical strength of capsule, and hygroscopic properties were studied for comparing the quality attributes of softgel. Short-term stability against heat and moisture was also investigated in this study. Vegetable capsule shell showed better mechanical strength, physical stability and disintegration time for temperature and humidity than those of conventional gelatin capsule shell with four different filling materials used frequently as soft capsule form. Conclusively, this vegetable capsule shell polymer system can replace easily gelatin-shell systems and additionally allows encapsulation of lipid fills at high temperatures that are semisolid or solid-like at room temperature.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.392-400
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• 2004

This research uses the $TiO_2$/UV process to verify the most suitable condition and possibility to dispose dyeing wastewater that contains pigment and a large amount of pollutants. For this, this research has enforced experiments that compare photo adsorption, photolysis, and photo catalyst oxidation reaction, and also evaluated and analyzed the change of pH and $TiO_2$ dosage, irradiation rates of ultraviolet rays and the dosage change and injection method of $H_2O_2$. According to the results of the dyeing wastewater experiment of storehouse catalyst that uses the new form of $TiO_2$, the photo catalyst oxidation reaction proved to be more effective than photo adsorption and photolysis; 35%, 21% in the case of $TCOD_{cr}$ and 39%, 28% in the case of chromaticity. Taking into consideration the reaction time, amount of photo catalyst reaction and irradiation amount of ultraviolet rays, the decomposition efficiency of pH change proved to be most effective at pH 4. On the whole, the acidity area proved to be effective in dyeing water exclusion than neutral and alkalinity areas. Having evaluated the influence of $TiO_2$ dosage, not only does the decomposition efficiency continuously improve as the $TiO_2$ dosage increases but the shielding effect does not occur also when the $TiO_2$ is at a fixed state. The influence of ultraviolet irradiation amount concluded in the result that as the ultraviolet irradiation amount increases the decomposition efficiency continually increased, but in the case of chromaticity when the irradiation amount was higher than 37.8mW/cm2 the removal efficiency is slowed remarkably. The influence of $H_2O_2$ dosage evaluation reached the results that although the decomposition efficiency increases with the increase of $H_2O_2$ dosage, when above 150mg (total dosage: 1200mg) $H_2O_2$ consumes OH radical itself and reduces the decomposition efficiency. Also in the case of the $H_2O_2$ injection method rather than injecting in the whole amount of $H_2O_2$ (1200mg) needed at the beginning all at once, injecting divided quantities of $H_2O_2$ whenever the electric current density falls below 10mgfl reduces the wases of OH radical due to an excess of $H_2O_2$ and in tum heightens the decomposition efficiency.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2016

In order to improve the bonding efficiency of starch adhesives and water resistance of corrugated board, mixing ratio of additives dosage was changed and its effects were analyzed. When the additives dosage was increased, bonding strength, vertical compression strength, bursting strength and water resistance were increased, because of hydroxyl groups or acetyl groups in starch adhesives and cellulose fibers of corrugated board were cross-linked by additives. When 1.0% glyoxal dosage was added, flat crush strength and vertical compression strength were increased. With 1.5% glyoxal, bonding strength and bursting strength were increased. However, 2.0% glyoxal dosage was added, most of strength except bursting strength were decreased. Thus, when the appropriate amount of additives are added during corrugated board production process, increased bonding efficiency of starch adhesives and higher water resistance of corrugated board can be achieved.

• 약학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.113-120
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• 1972

The last decade of this centry is now the accepted birth date of that sub-discipline of pharmacy that is now called 'biopharmceutics'. Wagner defines biopharmaceutics 'as the study of the influence of fomulation on the therapeutic activity of a drug product.' More specifically, he states that biopharmaceutics encompasses the study of the relationship between the nature and intensity of the biological effects observed in animals or man and the following factors: 1. The nature of the form of the drug (ester, salt, complex, etc). 2. The physical state, particle size, and surface area. 3. Presence or absence of adjuvants with the drug. 4. The type of dosage form in which the drug is administered. 5. The pharmaceutical process (es) used to make the dosage form. The philosophy inherent in this definition has revolutionized our thinking with respect to product development, quality control, and to the practice of pharmacy itself. Althoughthe the emphasis herein will be on quality control, the interrelationship between this and the other areas of pharmacy will be evident. The principles of quality control dictate that a wide variety of techniques be used to evaluate the quality of a dosage form. Since quality must be built into a dosage form, the pharmaceutical scientist begins the process at the research stage, continues it during the production stage, and ends it by applying the tests and procedures established by parmacopeial commissions. These stages are usually separate and distinct and, because of this, product quality has become synonymous with compliance with pharmacopeial specifications.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.140-145
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• 2001

To treat piggery wastewater containing refractory compounds including nitrogen, physical treatments using zeolite and biological processes were investigated. In biogical treatment, the removal efficiencies of organics and nitrogen in bioreador using BACC (Biological Activated Carbon Cartridge) media filled with granule activated carbon were examined. The best removal efficiencies achieved for TKN and COD(sub)cr were 82% and 53% respectively, when zeolite dosage was 300 g/L. Specific nitrogen removal ability was 3.2 mg/g at a zeolite dosage of 50 g/L, whereas specific nitrogen removal ability was 1.8 mg/g at a zeolite dosage of 300 g/L. The increased of C/N ratio resulting from the removal of nitrogen using zeolite led to an increase in removal efficiency of organics. As C/N ratio was increased to 2.0, 2.44 and 6.58 at a HRT of 48 hours in a BACC bioreactor, removal efficiencies of COD(sub)cr were increased to 53.5%, 57.4% and 80.6%. The removal efficiency of wastewater using a zeolite dosage of 399 g/L was increased by 27.1% compared to that of control treatment.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.239-253
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• 2022

Suitable techniques to stabilize organic soil and improve its engineering behaviour are in demand. Despite various alternatives, nano-additives proved to be an effective stabilizer owing to their strength enhancing properties. The study focuses on using nano-silica as a potential stabilizer to improve organic silt. Soil was treated with four dosages of nano-silica namely 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% of dry weight of the soil. Nano-silica treated soil showed a strength increase of nearly 25% at a dosage of 0.4% after curing for two hours. Strength of the treated soil improved with age. Strength improved by nearly 62.9% after 28 days of curing and 221.4% after 180 days of curing due to formation of Calcium - Silicate - Hydrate (CSH) gel in the soil matrix. Dosage of 0.6% nano-silica is observed to be the optimum dosage. Coefficient of permeability and compression index showed an increase by 13.32 and 5.5 times respectively owing to aggregation of particles and creation of void spaces as visualized from the scanning electron micrographs. Further model foundation study and numerical parametric studies using PLAXIS 2D indicate that optimized and economic results can be obtained by varying the additive dosage with depth.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.127-136
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• 1999

In order to eliminate demerits of conventional dosage forms, dipotassium glycyrrhizate was formulated as a slim mucoadhesive film type dosage form. The mucoadhesive drug layer gel containing dipotassium glycyrrhizate was prepared using $Noveon^{\circledR}$ AA-1, hydroxypropylcellulose-M, ethylcellulose N 100 and citric acid, and the protective layer gel by using ethylcellulose N 100, $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ RS and castor oil. The viscosity of drug layer gel of mucoadhesive film was enhanced as the increased amount of $Noveon^{\circledR}$ AA-1 or hydroxypropyl cellulose-M. The drug content was unifonnly $1160{\pm}14.6\;{\mu}g$, and was varied within 3.5%. The optimum film dosage form showed a good fluidity and malleability of drug layer, with 179 g of thickness, pH 5.7, 411 min of in vitro adhesion time and 172 g in gravity adhesive strength. The release time of drug from the mucoadhesive film was significantly shorter but was delayed when polymers such as ethylcellulose was added. From these results, the new mucoadhesive film may be effective for the treatment of aphthous stomatitis.