• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2004

Growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) with arch training method were evaluated on several training heights, planting densities, and topping node orders. Cucumber cultivar 'Eunsung-baekdadagi' was planted on 9 June with three training heights of 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1 m, there planting densities of 90${\times}$40, 90${\times}$50, and 90${\times}$60 cm, and five topping node orders of 20th, 30th, 35th, and nontopping. The plot of 2.1 m training height resulted in the higher sun-scald fruit rates due to the higher temperature above 37$^{\circ}C$ in the upper space of plastic house. The plot of 1.8 m arch training height showed higher fruit setting and marketable yield rate compared to the other training heights. The maketable yield rate with 1.8 m height arch training was 102,691 kg ${\cdot}$ $ha^{-1}$, 21% higher value than that of 1.5 m. Powdery mildew incidence increased with the increase of planting density. Lower LAI were shown depending on the higher topping node order. Lower light transmission ratio was shown in the higher planting density plots, might be due to the crowded stems and leaves inside those plots. Fruit setting rate was also higher in main stems rather than in lateral ones. Marketable yie이 in 90${\times}$50 cm planting distance with 35th node topping treatment was 98,311 kg ${\cdot}$ $ha^{-1}$, 5% higher than that 90${\times}$40 cm planting distance with 30th node topping treatment. Thus the 1.8 m of training height, 90${\times}$50 cm of planting distance, and 35th node topping was evaluated for the effective cultivation condition in arch training of cucumber in highland.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.438-448
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• 2017

This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis that evaluated the results of research on the pain reduction effects of lidocaine gel for urethral catheterization in adults. A literature search was conducted using seven electronic databases, gray literature and other resources based on the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). A Risk of Bias (RoB) tool was applied to assess the quality of selected studies. Data were analyzed using the RevMan 5.3.-program. Sixteen randomized controlled trials involving 1904 adults were included. RoB was not observed in the funnel plot. Overall, lidocaine gel was effective for pain reduction during urethral catheterization (Standard Mean Difference[SMD] -0.96;95% CI: -1.43, -0.49). To explore the cause of heterogeneity (I2=95%, p<.001), subgroup analysis was conducted according to three catheter types (urinary catheter, flexible cystoscopy, and rigid cystoscopy) and the SMDs were -0.88 (95% CI:-1.51, -0.26), -0.31 (95% CI:-0.63, 0.01), and -1.93 (95% CI:-2.88, -0.97), respectively. A significant pain reduction effect was observed regardless of gender in urinary catheterization. However, in rigid cystoscopy, a significant pain reduction effect was observed only in male subjects. Pain reduction effects were observed when 10~11ml lidocaine gel was used during rigid cystoscopy and when lubrication was used during urinary catheterization, irrespective of application time. These findings suggest that lidocaine gel is a useful anesthetic lubricant for urinary catheterization and rigid cystoscopy in male adults.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.453-462
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• 1998

Macrobenthic community structure was studied at thirteen stations in Taebudo subtidal area, Korea, from July to October 1996. Triple macrobenthos samples were collected using a van Veen grab (0.1 $m^2$) at each station during the study period. A total of 209 species of macrobenthos was sampled with a mean density of 1,093 ind./$m^2$ and biomass of 134,86 g/$m^2$. Of these, there were 72 species of polychaetes ($34.5\%$), 69 crustaceans ($33.0\%$) and 49 molluscs ($23.4\%$). Polyalaetes were represented as a density-dominant faunal group with a mean density of 608 ind./$m^2$, comprising $55.6\%$ of the total benthic animals. It was followed by crustaceans with 307 ind./$m^2$($28.1\%$ of the total density), Echinoderms were represented as a biomass-dominant faunal group with a mean biomass of 54.21 g/$m^2$($40.2\%$ of total biomass). Total number of species and diversity were low in the inner part of the study area with high mud content and high in the offshore stations of mixed sediments. Major dominant species were three polychaetes, Heteromastus filifomis, Scoloplos armiger and Tharyx sp. whose mean densities were 70 ind./$m^2$, 67 ind./$m^2$, and 66 ind./$m^2$, respectively. Cluster analysis showed that the study area could be divided into five stational groups based on the faunal composition, that is, the innermost stations, coastal stations, transitional stations and two offshore station groups. The species diversity of these groups increased from the inner stational group toward the outer groups.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 1995

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the formation of CaCO, polymorphs(i.e.,calcite, aragonite, vaterite) and on the crystal shape of CaCO,.The reaction systems were rnvestigated at the temperature range of 2.0%-85.3r, at the fixed cmditions ofconcentration and pressure, 2X10-' M, atomospheric pressure, respectively.The reaction systems studied include a Ca(HCO.,),-Air bubble, O Ca(OH)s-CO,, @ Ca(OH),-H,CO, ,Ca(OH1,-Na>CO,, O Ca(OH),-K,CO,, @ Ca(OH),-(NH,),CO,, D CaC1,-Na,CO,, CaC1,-K3C03, 8 CaC1,-(NH,,),CO,, 0 Ca(N0,X-Na,CO,, 03 Ca(N0,X-QCO,. 0 Ca(NO,),-(NH,XCO,. The results obtained are summarizedas follows:Calcite is formed at the temperature range of 2t-80"C and the highest calcite yield was obtained at 30%.Aragonite begins to be formed at the temperature range of 41.0%-53.0%. and the higher temperature is thehigher yield is obtained. pH of the reaction system affect the yield of aragonite, and the yield reaches the highestpercentage at the pH range of 10.0-11.0, and at the conditions of pH 12.3 or over, aragonite is scarcely formed.Vaterlle is fnrmed at the temperature range of 40.0% or less, and transites utterly to calcite within 10-60mmutes in the case of bemg residenced in mother liqmd which C1 is not contained, and within 140hours inthe case of containing CI-.s in the case of containing CI-.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 1968

This experiment is a comparative study of influence on the seedling in individual pH treatment of culture soil I. T-R ratio and growth 1. T-R ratio has almost similar tendency in its range according to tree species, but in individual treatment there were lots of differences. In the strong acidic and the strong alkali conditions T-R ratio was small. This means the seedling body is out of balance. 2. Where the resistance to H-ion was stronger, the growth of root-system, that is, the resistance of fine root was comparatively better. 3. The growth of root system was greatly influenced by pH, and in the condition of pH3, pH8, pH9, the growth was especially worse. 4. Ginkgo biloba, Pinus rigida and Pinus banksiana kept on growing in the strong acidic condition. 5. The growth season has higher pH of culture soil than the dormant season, and tree species which have strong resistance of acidic had better growth and had stronger resistance of draught in the acidic condition of culture soil ; especially, Pinus rigida and Pinus banksiana were worse in the alkali condition. II Seedling pH 1. According to the tree species, there were differences in seedling pH, and tree species, considred to be strong in resistance of draught, had been high in seedling pH. 2. Seedling pH of the growth season was higher than that of the dormant season. 3. Seedling pH was not significant in pH treatment of the culture soil.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2015

Purpose: Time of operation has been reduced and accuracy of operation has been improved since C-arm, which offer real-time image of patient, was introduced in operation room. However, because of the contamination of patient, C-arm could not be used more appropriately. Therefore, this study is to know factors of controlling exposure dose, image quality and the exposed dose of health professional in operation room. Materials and methods: Height of Wilson frame (bed for operation) was fixed at 130 cm. Then, Model 76-2 Phantom, which was set by assembling manual of Fluke Company, was set on the bed. Head/Spine Fluoroscopy AEC mode was set for exposure condition. According to detector size of C-arm, the absorbed dose per min was measured in the 7 steps OFD (cm) from 10 cm to 40 cm (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 cm). In each step of OFD, the absorbed dose per min of same diameter of collimation was measured. Moreover, using Nero MAX Model 8000, exposure dose per min was measured according to 3 step of distance from detector (20 cm, 60 cm, 100 cm). Finally, resolution was measured by CDRH Disc Phantom and magnification of each OFD was measured by aluminum stick bar. Result: According to detector size of C-arm, difference of absorbed dose shows that the dose of 20 cm OFD is 1.750 times higher than the dose of 40 cm OFD. It means that the C-arm, which has smaller size of detector, shows the bigger difference of absorbed dose per min (p<0.05). In the difference of absorbed dose in the same step of OFD (from 20 cm to 40 cm), the absorbed dose of 9 inch detect or C-arm was 1.370 times higher than 12 inch' s (p<0.05). When OFD was set to 20 cm OFD, the absorbed dose of non-collimation case was approximately 0.816 times lower than the absorbed dose of collimation cases (p<0.05). When the distance was 20 cm from detector, exposed does includes first-ray and scatter-ray. When the distance was 60 cm and 100 cm from detector, exposed does includes just scatter-ray. So, there was the 2.200 times difference of absorbed does. Finally, when OFD was increased, spatial resolution was 4 to 5 step was increased. However, low contrast resolution was not relative. Moreover, there was 1.363 times difference of magnification (p<0.05). Conclusion: When C-Arm is used, avoiding contamination of patient is more important factor than reducing exposed dose of health professional in operation room. Just controlling exposure time is just way to reduce the exposed does of workers. However, in the case, non-probability influence could be occurred. Therefore, this study proved that the exposed dose will be reduced if the factors such as using small detector size of C-arm, setting OFD from 20 cm to 25 cm and non-collimating. Moreover, dose management of C-arm in the non-interesting area will be considered additionally.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.44
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• pp.487-538
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• 2013

It is the most critical issue in recent international intellectual property licence disputes to decide the applicable laws to the license contracts. As Korea and the European Union(EU) reached free trade agreement(FTA), and the EU-Korea FTA entered into force on July 1, 2011, the FTA has boosted social, economic, cultural exchanges between the two. As a result of the increased transactions in those sectors, legal disputes are also expected to grow. This situation calls for extensive research and understanding of the choice of law principles applicable to international intellectual property license contracts in the EU. To decide the laws applicable to issues arising from international intellectual property license contracts disputes, the characterization of those issues is necessary for the purpose of applying private international law principles to them. In terms of characterization, intellectual property license contracts fall within contractual matters. In the EU, the primary rule of choice of law principles in contractual obligations is the Rome I Regulation. Because the choice of law rules, such as private international law principles, the Rome Convention(1980), and the Rome I Regulation, differ in the time of application, it is essential to clarify the time factor of related contracts. For example, the Rome I Regulation applies to contracts which were concluded as from December 17, 2009. Although party autonomy in international contracts disputes is generally allowed, if there is no choice of law agreement between the parties to the contracts, the objective test rule of private international law doctrine could be the best option. Following this doctrine, the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 1 provides the governing law rules based on the types of contracts, but there is no room for intellectual property license contracts. After all, as the rule for governing law of those contracts, the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 2 should be applied and if there are countries which are more closely connected to the contracts under the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 3, the laws of those countries become the governing laws of the contracts. Nevertheless, if it is not possible to decide the applicable laws to the license contracts, the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 4 should be applied in the last resort and the laws of the countries which are the most closely connected to the contracts govern the license contracts. Therefore, this research on the laws applicable to intellectual property license contracts under the Rome I Regulation suggests more systematic and effective solutions for future disputes in which Korea and the EU countries play the significant role as the connecting factors in the conflict of laws rules. Moreover, it helps to establish comprehensive and theoretical understanding of applying the Korean Private International Law to multifarious choice-of-law cases.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2018

This study investigates, the physicochemical characteristics of Sengmaksan (SM) prepared with Liriope platyphylla (LP) that had been roasted for different times (0, 30, 60, and 90 min, denoted as S-0, S-30, S-60, and S-90, respectively) The Hunter's color values such as lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) were the highest in S-0, while the lowest was found in S-90. The amount of soluble solid and reducing sugar content of S-60 were higher than the others. None of the samples exhibit significant differences in, their pH and acidity. The total content of phenolic compounds increased with the LP roasting time, but the total flavonoid and total anthocyanin contents of the SM decreased at the same time. The total ginsenoside (Ro, Rb2, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2) content did not show significant differences. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities increased according to the concentration, as well as with the LP roasting time. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) showed trends similar to the radical scavenging activity, but it was more sensitive to the LP roasting time. From these results, the active ingredient in S-60 was higher, and the antioxidant activities of SM increased along with the roasting time of LP.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2010

In the food process, twist screen is widely used to divide particles on the basis of size. As screen equipped in the twist screen perfoms an important part in the particle size distribution mechanism, the contact area of screen and particles, retention time of particles on the screen, mesh and string thickness of screen and the flow pattern of particles on the screen are major points of the separation efficiency. To improve the separation efficiency, increase the retention time and control the flow pattern of particles, screen frame dam and spiral blockage are installed on the sieve of twist screen ${\emptyset}$ 1200 and ${\emptyset}$ 1500. Twist screen ${\emptyset}$ 1500 with frame dam treated similar separation capacity, 37% higher separation ratio and less non-separated particles of product output 1 than general twist screen. Twist screens with frame dam and spiral blockage showed less treatment capacity, three times higher division ratio and entire separation than general twist screen.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.257-261
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• 2010

'Manmibyeo', a new japonica rice cultivar, is a mid-late maturing ecotype cultivar developed by the rice breeding team of Department of Functional Crop, NICS, RDA in 2002. This cultivar was originated from the cross between 'Milyang 95' and $F_1$ of the cross between 'Bukrukbanna' and 'Milyang 95' in 1990/1991 winter season. It was selected by pedigree breeding method until F6 generation, and a promising line, YR14545-9-2-3-4, was advanced and designated as 'Milyang 162' in 1996. The local adaptability test of 'Milyang 162' was carried out at seven locations during 3 years in 1997, 1998 and 2002. It has about 86cm culm length and is lodging tolerant. This cultivar is susceptible to bacterial blight ($K_1$, $K_2$, $K_3$) and stripe virus, and moderately resistant to leaf blast disease. Milled rice kernels of 'Manmibyeo' is translucent with low amylose content in endosperm, clear in chalkiness and good at eating quality in panel test. The yield potential of 'Manmibyeo' in milled rice was about 4.46 MT/ha at ordinary fertilizer level in local adaptability test. This cultivar would be adaptable to the southern plain of Korea.