• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1036-1041
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• 1999

Background: To know the clinical aspects of varicose vein and the effectiveness of operative treatment, the patients who had been operated during the five and a half years were reviewed. Material and Method: From September 1993 to February 1999, 227 patients with varicose vein were operated upon. These patients were reviewed with history taking, physical examination, laboratory tests, operation and follow up visits at an out patient department. Result: The ages of the patients were from 20 to 69 years, mean 40.2 years. varicose veins. Occupations of the patients include housewives, store or factory owners, cooks, waiter or waitresses in a restaurant, salary men(women), teachers, hair stylists, professional athletes, in sequence, most of them require standing all day long. The 126 women had experienced child birth, among them 116 patients delivered more than 2 babies. All patients had protruding leg veins as the symptom. Most of them(61%) had pain. Other additional symptoms were heaviness, heatness, tingling, cramp, fatigue, etc. 68.3% of the patients had the symptoms for more than 10 years. Anatomical location of varicose vein was in long saphenous vein in 157 patients, in small saphenous vein in 27, and in other regions(combined or perforating vein) in 43 patients. There was no operative mortality. There were 2 patients who underwent reoperation due to recurrence during this study period. In one patient, it recurred in the distal perforating vein in small saphenous vein. The other patient had recurrence at the saphenofemoral junction in groin. The patients are doing well after the reoperation, but a long term observation is needed. Conclusion: Clinical aspects of varicose vein were reviewed. For the patients with varicose vein who had saphenofemoral regurgitation, operative treatment seemed to bea safe and effective modality of treatment.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.241-249
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• 1985

Twenty-one patients with Double Chambered Right Ventricle [DCRV] associated with Ventricular Septal Defect [VSD] were treated by open heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital between June 1982 and October 1984. The following results were obtained 1. The symptoms and physical signs, specific for DCRV, could not be identified. 2. The radiologic findings on simple chest X-ray, specific for DCRV, could not be identified. 3. Electrocardiographic findings, specific for DCRV, could not be identified. 4. Cardiac catheterization was found to be the most important diagnostic method, revealing pressure gradient between proximal chamber and distal chamber in the right ventricle. The average pressure gradient between two chambers showed 48.1523.29 mmHg[varying from 15mmHg to 94mmHg]. 5. Cardiac angiography was found to visualize the anomalous muscle bundles in right ventricle [in 17 cases, 81%] but the evidence of pressure gradient between two chambers within right ventricle is considered necessary for the diagnosis of DCRV. 6. Via surgical observation, anatomical and pathologic findings of the anomalous muscle bundles, associated DCRV were identified. 7. As the direct pressure was measured on the operating table before and after surgery, the average pressure gradient across the muscle bundles showed 40.5219.75mmHg [varying from 16 to 89mmHg] preoperatively and 8.909.72mmHg [varying from 0 to 32mmHg] postoperatively, indicating significant surgical correction of the obstruction present. 8. The presence of anomalous muscle bundles, dividing the right ventricle into two separated chambers, and the presence of the pressure gradient over 15mmHg are considered necessary for the diagnosis of DCRV.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.300-308
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• 1999

Arthroscopy is a valuable diagnostic and operative tool in equine and human orthopedics. The arthroscope is a difficult instrument to use and requires patience, practice, and persistence in order to obtain good results. This technique was found to be less traumatic than arthrotomy, invasiveness, rapid recovery and the feasibility of surgically correcting many arthropathies. The use of the arthroscope in the dog provides a new dimension in the study and diagnosis of joint derangements. The purpose of this report is to introduce the use of the arthroscope in the dog-more specifically, in the stifle of the dog. A diameter 2.7 mm fore-oblique viewing arthroscope, cold light source, video and video printer are used. With the fore-oblique viewing type it is possible to view directly as well as slightly to the side and the range of viewing can be increased by rotating the arthroscope around the object The scope is connected with a cold light source by means of a fiber-optic light guide. The stifle joint was flexed to 20~30$^{\circ}$. The joint were lavaged with lactated Ringer's solution during arthroscopic examination. Arthroscopy of the stifle was performed prior to arthrotomy in 1 dead dog and 4 healthy dogs, and other 3 dogs was performed only arthroscopic examination. In this study only the conventional approaches were used and in most cases it was possible to view all the intra-articular structures via the lateral infrapatellar approach. In the stifle joint, endoscopic observation was performed to find lateral femoral condyle, patella, medial femoral condyle, trochlear groove, tibia, fat, cranial cruciate ligament, caudal cruciate ligament lateral meniscus, tendon of long digital extensor muscle, medial meniscus, and medial collateral ligament Post-arthroscopic examination, the lameness had disappeared within 12~24 hours. Pain and swelling in the stifle joint had disappeared within 24~36 hours. Post-arthroscopic secondary infection was never encountered in the dogs. In conclusion, arthroscopic insertion technique in canine stifle joint using a diameter 2.7 mm 30$^{\circ}$ arthroscope was established and arthroscopical views of all anatomical structures in the normal stilfe joint were obtained through lateral infrapatellar portal.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the pulping and papermaking characteristics of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera G.) leafstalk for the development of high performance paper. Anatomical and chemical properties of the lotus leafstalk were analyzed. The pulping and papermaking properties of the lotus leafstalk by conventional alkali and sulfomethylated pulping processes were also evaluated. The length and width of fibers were 0.06-3.32 mm (av. 1.23 mm) and 3.47-25.6 ${\mu}m$ (av. 20.7 ${\mu}m$), respectively. The length and width of vessel elements were 0.07-0.78 mm (av. 0.20 mm) and 14.1-330.0 ${\mu}m$ (av. 54.13 ${\mu}m$), respectively. The fiber length/fiber width ratio was 60.20. The extractives (cold water, hot water, 1% NaOH and ethanol-benzene) and lignin content of lotus leafstalk were higher than those of plant bast fiber. The contents of holocellulose, lignin, and ash were 73.8%, 24.3%, and 4.3%, respectively. The pulp yields based on pulping methods were sulfomethylated pulping av. 52%, and alkaline pulping av. 42%. The conventional alkaline pulping shows better pulp and sheet properties than the sulfomethylated pulping which was modified pulping processes. But the sulfomethylated pulping shows higher brightness than alkali pulping. In the consequence of FE-SEM observation, lotus leafstalk pulp consists of various kinds of thin walled fibers which have large amount of small pits.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2009

When performing the inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia, surgeon often faced a difficulty of the surgical operation due to the incomplete anesthesia. One of the reason is the variety of mandibular canal anatomy. Up to now, there are some reports of index cases about bifid mandibular canal among mandibular canal anatomic variation, and some classification is applied according to anatomical location and configuration. When surgical operation is performed involving mandible such as dantal implant treatment, extraction of an impacted third molar, sagittal split ramus osteotomy, etc, the position of mandibular canal should be considered. Bifid mandibular canal clinically causes troublesome cases of anesthesia when inferior alvelor nerve block, especially is performed extraction of an impacted third molar. Therefore, It is important for clinicians to recognize the presence of bifid canals on radiographys. Nowadays, the position of mandibular canal can be measured precisely by using Dental CT. It is not found by panorama image but is found by Dental CT sometimes. Among the patients, which take panorama and Dental CT simultaneously, for tooth extraction of lower impacted third molar in our department, we report the case that did not identifying in panorama but identifying it in Dental CT.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 1993

Feeding behavior fo female brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens Stal, was examined with an electrical recording technique using DC amplifier and through anatomical observation of stylet ovement in the rice plat with electrical recordings. There was six feeding patterns, type P, S, SB, O, X and Ph with the brown planthopper. Type P was a probing pattern during searching the proper feeding site. Type S appeared to be associated with the initial penetration and changing direction through the tissues, and from this type type SB pattern could be distinguished by the regularity of the large potential drops seen, and might be associated with penetration of the phloem sheath and/or salivation in the phloem sheath. The type O pattern shows none of the large voltage drops which were believed to occur when cell walls were being broken down and passes through a relatively thin layer of cells into an air space. The very constant waveform of the type X pattern could be seen during ingestion within the xylem bundle sheath area. The Ph pattern always followed an SB pattern and was associated with a marked negative voltage drop. When this pattern was seen, the brown planthopper might be ingested plant sap from phloem sheath area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2013

The genus Actinidia has been recorded as having total six taxa, composed of four species and two varieties, in Korea. However, its taxonomy remains complex because of disagreement on taxonomic characters used for species boundaries. Based upon morphological, anatomical, and palynological characters, we re-evaluated species delimitations in the genus Actinidia. Critical observation of wild populations and extensive herbarium materials including types were also carried out. It is generally considered that leaf thickness and shape, hair type and color were important diagnostic characters to identify species, but these characters were insufficient to be diagnostic characters because of their wide variation ranges. On the other hands, pith pattern, winter bud protrusion rate, scale leaf number, anther color, fruit shape, and maturity season were taxonomic significance. A. arguta var. platyphylla and A. arguta var. rufinervis have been identified by hair type and color, but these characters showed continuous variation in A. arguta. Therefore, two varieties are treated as synonyms of A. arguta. Consequently four species are recognized in Korea: A. polygama, A. kolomikta, A. rufa, and A. arguta. A key is provided, as well as complete descriptions of the species examined, including information on nomenclatural types, and synonymies.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2011

Purpose: Management of pressure sores has been improved, along with development of musculocutaneous flaps and perforator flaps. Nowadays, the treatment of pressure sore with perforator flaps has shown several advantages, including minimal donor site morbidity, relatively versatile flap design not only in primary cases but also in recurred cases and minimized anatomical rearrangement of regional muscle position. In this study, we report our clinical experience of gluteal perforator flap used in the treatment of a greater trochanteric pressure sore. Methods: A clinical study was performed on 7 patients who underwent total 10 operations. 1 superior gluteal artery perforator flap and 9 inferior gluteal artery perforator flaps were used to reconstruct the defect, followed by the mean observation duration of 22 months. Results: There were no total flap loss. We treated 2 cases of partial flap loss with debridement and primary repair. 2 recurred cases were successfully treated using the same method. Donor sites were all primarily repaired. Conclusion: The gluteal perforator flap could be considered as a safe and favorable alternative in the treatment of soft tissue defects in the greater trochanteric area. The advantages of the flap include low donor site morbidity and the possibility of versatile flap design not only in primary cases but also in recurred cases.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.409-412
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• 2007

Purpose: Percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation is common method for hand fracture. It is simple but has risk of ascending infection through the pin and bony injury by multiple drilling. Ascending infection through pin tract is mostly superficial and can be treated with antibiotics and aseptic dressing. This is a case review of subacute osteomyelitis on phalangeal bones after Kirschner wire fixation with literature review. Methods: A 40-years-old man with distal phalangeal fracture on right second finger is presented. He went to a local clinic and had percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation under local anesthesia. He was transferred to our hospital for ulcerative wound on DIP joint at 4 weeks after operation. Radiography showed osteolytic change around medulla of middle and distal phalanges, leading to diagnosis of a subacute osteomyelitis. We treated it with amputation at the level of shaft of middle phalanx. Results: The postoperative course was uneventful. We thought several possible reasons for osteomyelitis in our case. First, it could resulted from ascending infection through the wire. Second, it could be resulted from a bony burn by repeated drilling. And bony necrosis could be a consequence of arterial insufficiency caused by 2 pin insertion. Conclusion: We suggest that a precise pinning based on accurate anatomical understanding is required for a percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation. The frequency of drilling should be minimized. Careful observation and patient education for pin site care are essential.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1984

This macroscopic observation was performed to investigate the aortic arch and their branches of the Korean native goat. Ten Korean native goats with black hairs ranging in body weight from 15 to 20kg were used. The findings were based on the latex cast of the vessels made by injection of neoprene latex. The results obtained were as follow; 1. The aortic arch of the Korean native goat gave off only one vessel, the Truncus brachiocephalicus. 2. The Truncus brachiocephalicus gave off the A. subclavia sinistra, the A. subclavia dextra and the Truncus bicaroticus. 3. The A. subclavia sinistra gave off the Truncus costocervicalis, the A. cervicalis superficialis and the A. thoracica interna, and continued as the A. axillaris sinistra. 4. The Truncus costocervicalis sinistra arose from the A. subclavia sinistra in all cases and gave off the A. scapularis dorsalis suprema and the A. cervicalis profunda, and continued as the A. vertebralis sinistra. 5. The branching pattern of the A. subclavia dextra was similar to that of the A. subclavia sinistra except the Truncus costocervicalis. The Truncus costocervicalis dextra was arisen together with the A. subclavia dextra in 8 out of 10 cases, while one of the remaining 2 cases arose as the first branch of the A. subclavia dextra and the other was given off directly from the Truncus brachiocephalicus. 6. The Truncus bicaroticus was continued from the Truncus brachiocephalicus after branching off the A. subclavia dextra in 8 out of 10 cases, but the Aa. carotidas communes sinistra and dextra were directly branched from the Truncus brachiocephalicus without forming the Truncus bicaroticus in the remaining 2 cases.