• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.85-95
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• 2023

Objectives : This study was intended to reveal the chemical profiles of aerial(leaf, stem) and underground(rhizome, radix) parts of wild ginseng, and to investigate their anti-aging effects on human skin cells. Methods : Wild ginseng, estimated for over 20 years, was divided into the aerial and underground parts. Total phenolic contents of each extracts were measured using a Folin-ciocalteu method. The contents of 18 amino acids, 8 minerals and 27 ginsenosides were determined by GC-FID, ICP-MS and LC-MS, respectively. The anti-aging effects, including the radical scavenging activity, the activation of mitochondrial function on human fibroblasts, and the proliferation activity on human keratinocyte progenitor cells, for the whole plant and underground part of wild ginseng were evaluated. Results : The total phenolic acids, amino acids, and minerals in the aerial part were more than twice as high as in the underground part. Compared to the cultivated ginseng root, there were various types of ginsenosides in both parts of wild ginseng, and the total amount was more than twice as high. In particular, the aerial part significantly contained ginsenoside F1, F2, C-Mc1, and C-O, and the distinctive patterns that distinguish each parts of wild ginseng from the cultivated ginseng root were derived. The whole plant and underground part of wild ginseng exhibited significant antioxidant effect(14.3-45.6%), activation of mitochondrial membrane potential(105.5-120.1%), and cell proliferation(112.1-125.4%). Conclusions : The entire plant and underground part of wild ginseng are high value-added plants and have beneficial effects on skin anti-aging properties through its abundant metabolites.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2019

This experiment was carried out using artificial clay and LED in the plastic film house (irradiation time: 08:00~18:00/day). Seedlings (n = 63 per $3.3m^2$) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity. The average air temperature from April to September was $12.3^{\circ}C$ $-26.0^{\circ}C$ and it was the the highest at $26.0^{\circ}C$ in August. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat higher than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil are as follows. pH levels was 5.3~5.5, EC levels 0.45~0.52 dS/m and OM levels 33~37%. The total nitrogen content was 0.35~0.47% and the available $P_2O_5$ contents was 13.7~16.0 mg/kg, which was lower than the suitable level of 70~200 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Mg contents were within acceptable ranges, but the Ca contents was $28{\sim}38cmol^+/kg$ levels higher than the permissible level ($2{\sim}6cmol^+/kg$). Germination of ginseng leaves took 8~9 days and the overall germination rate was 70~75%. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PAR (Photosynthetic Action Radiation) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Photosynthetic rate was also increased with higher light intensity was investigated at $1.7{\sim}3.2{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$. Leaf temperature ($23.7{\sim}24.8^{\circ}C$) by light intensity was the same trend. The growth of aerial parts (plant height etc.) were generally excellent when irradiated with 3 times the light intensity, the growth of the ginseng aerial parts were excellent as follows. The plant height was 42.6 cm, stem length was 25.2 cm, leaf length was 9.6 cm and stem diameter was 5.0 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the same, and the root length was 24.4 cm, the tap root length was 6.0 cm, diameter of taproot was 18.2 mm and the fresh root weight was 17.2 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping off occurred 2.2~3.6% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 14.6~20.7%. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7~48.9% and increased with increasing light intensity. Ginsenoside content of ginseng by light intensity is under analysis.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

Objectives To check marker content for appropriate quality control of Woohwangchungsimwon sterilized to ensure microbiological safety and to observe antioxidant activity for any changes in efficacy. Methods To measure any effects of sterilization on the effective compounds, 8 ingredients of Woohwangchungsimwon were screened for any changes in marker content using HPLC-DAD. Using the colorimetric method on the microplate reader any changes in total phenolic compound and flavonoid levels were observed. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Results Of the ingredients of Woohwangchungsimwon, 8 were subject to quantitative analysis before and after sterilization. 21.6 mg and 1.93 mg of Glycyrrhizin was found in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer pre and post sterilization, respectively. Decursin found in Angelica gigas Nakai increased from 0.16 mg to 0.29 mg after sterilization. Bilirubin found in Gallstone of Bostaurusvar. domesticus increased from 0.24 mg to 0.33 mg. Cinnamic acid found in Cinnamomum cassia Blume increased from 0.02 mg to 0.05 mg. Ginsenoside Rb1 found in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer decreased from 0.02 mg to 0.14 mg. Paeoniflorin found in Paeonia lactiflora Pallas increased from 1.05 mg to 1.13 mg. Amygdalin found in Armeniacae Amarum Semen increased from 2.68 mg to 2.83 mg. L-muscone found in Musk increased from 0.63 mg to 0.76 mg. As for total phenolic compound and total flavonoid content, there was a 1.22 and 4.15-fold increase. DPPH and ABTS increased by 20.45% and 20.69%, respectively. FRAP activity was 2.78 times more active post stabilization. Conclusions This study confirmed that high temperature high pressure steam sterilization, a method used to ensure microbiological safety of Woohwangchungsimwon, does not affect marker content; in other words, does not affect quality of the Woohwangchungsimwon. It could also be seen that total phenolic compound and flavonoid content increased after sterilization. An antioxidant activity test showed that there was significantly increased activity of antioxidants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2013

In this study, we observed optimal conditions and suitable bacteria for the fermentation of steam-dried ginseng berry extracts (SGB) and determined antioxidant effects of the fermented extracts. Five bacteria (Lactobacillus fermentarum, L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. casei, Bacillus subtillis) were examined on their growth activities and viabilities in various culture temperatures ($25-35^{\circ}C$) and concentrations (25-100%). L. plantarum was considered to be the most suitable bacteria for the fermentation in both growth activity and viability. Moreover, the extracts fermented with L. plantarum showed more potent antioxidant efficacy in both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that fermentation with L. plantarum changed the contents and components of ginsenosides. In conclusion, these data suggest that L. plantarum efficiently ferment SGB and the fermented extracts may have therapeutical values against oxidative stress and be a good candidate in adjuvant therapy where ginsenoside would be the main composition.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.3994-4000
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• 2011

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of black ginseng mook prepared with different 5 levels(0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) of black ginseng extract. We conducted the pH, sugar content, Hunter's color values, the mechanical characteristics and a sensory evaluation analysis of black ginseng mook. The more black ginseng extract was increased, the sugar contents of black ginseng mook were significantly increased. We noted that the luminance and Hunter's b values of black ginseng mook samples were decreased the more black ginseng extract was increased, but in Hunter's a values was reverse. With regard to the mechanical properties of the black ginseng mook samples, the more black ginseng extract was increased, the score of hardness, gumminess and chewiness were significantly decreased, but adhesiveness was increased. In color, taste, flavor and overall quality, the score of 3% black ginseng mook was significantly higher than those of the all.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2009

A simple gradient HPLC method for rapid determination of major ginsenosides ($Rg_1$ and $Rb_1$) and unique ginsenoside (Rf) of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) was developed. Within 50min, three ginsenosides have been separated and identified on $\mu$-Bondapak $C_{18}$ column ($3.9{\times}300\;mm$, $10{\mu}m$) with gradient elution using water and acetonitrile as a mobile phase. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision. The correlation coefficients ($r^2$) for calibration curves of ginsenosides were over 0.9997. The developed HPLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of ginseng samples and the recoveries of ginsenosides were in the range of $101.1{\sim}115%$ with RSD<3.2%. The developed method could be used for rapid evaluation of the ginsenosides $Rg_1$, $Rb_1$, and Rf.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.50-50
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 7년근과 13년근 산양삼을 선정하여 적변 유무에 따라 분류하고 적변에 따른 산양삼의 생육특성과 진세노사이드 함량을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 산양삼 재배지 9개소의 산양삼 지하부의 생육특성을 분석한 결과, 7년근과 13년근 산양삼의 생육특성은 적변에 따른 유의적인 차이는 확인되지 않았다. 적변에 따른 연근별 산양삼의 진세노사이드 함량을 비교 분석한 결과, 7년근 산양삼은 Rb1과 Rg1은 진세노사이드 함량이 일반삼에 비해 적변삼에서 높았고, 진세노사이드 Rc, Rd, Re, Rg2는 적변삼에 비해 일반삼에서 유의적으로 높은 것을 확인하였으나 적변에 따른 13년근 산양삼의 진세노사이드 함량 유의적인 차이는 확인할 수 없었다. 산양삼 생육특성과 진세노사이드 함량 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 일반삼의 경우 진세노사이드 Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rf, Rg1이 산양삼의 지하부 길이와 유의적인 정의 상관관계를 보였고, 적변삼은 진세노사이드 Rd가 지하부 길이와는 유의적인 정의 상관관계, 주근직경과는 유의적인 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구에서는 7년근과 13년근 모두 적변에 따른 생육특성의 차이는 확인되지 않았고, 진세노사이드 함량은 7년근에서는 적변에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보였지만 13년근에서는 유의적인 차이가 없는 것을 확인하였다. 임가에서 산양삼은 7년근에 비해 13년근이 보다 고가에 거래되는 만큼 본 연구의 결과를 통해 적변삼에 대한 소비자들의 인식을 개선하여 산양삼 재배 농가의 소득 증대에 도움을 주고, 향후 산양삼의 품질규격을 정립하는 데 있어 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2016

Red ginseng is known to have many beneficial effects. Cisplatin, an effective antineoplastic drug, can cause many side effects like irreversible sensorineural hearing loss and serious tinnitus in humans. This study is aimed to reduce a cisplatin's side effect, nephrotoxicity by fermentated korean red ginseng. Korea ginseng was produced by steaming and dring and fermentation. And mice were divided into 4 groups- (A) normal mice, (B) Vehicle treated cisplatin mice, (C) RG0F0-treated cisplatin mice, (D) RG8F3-treated cisplatin mice. C and D groups were feed each material 200 mg/kg/day during 4 days. And cisplatin 20 mg/kg injected to B, C, and D groups as abdominal injection. After 24 h, blood sample was collected. The kidneys were harvested for histological, immuno histochemical and western blot analysis. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was depended on steaming hours. RG0F0 and RG8F3 (ginseng-8 h steamed and fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were showed antioxidants effect in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Component amounts according to steaming hours. 8 h steamed red ginseng had the most ingredients of ginsenoside. Treatments with RG8F3 reduced cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in the mice resulting in increase of GSH and decrease of ROS, BUN, creatinine, and inflammatory mediators. This result seems to be involved with the restriction of the inflammation in the kidney. Therefore, fermented red ginseng might have therapeutic efficacy in reduce kidney injury induced by cisplatin treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1315-1321
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate antioxidant activity and functional component analysis in different sections of Korean mountain ginseng (seed, leaf, stem and root). The major free amino acids were arginine, proline, $\gamma-amino-n-butyric$ acid, alanine and aspartic acid, and proline showed the highest content 22.98 mg/g in 80% MeOH extract of seed. Contents of $\gamma-amino-n-butyric$ acid and alanine were the highest in 80% MeOH extract of leaf, with 26.04 mg/g and 13.07 mg/g. Aspartic acid showed the highest content 23.42 mg/g in 80% MeOH extract of leaf. The major fatty acids were identified as palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid by GC. Content of total phenolic compounds were 737 mg% in 80% EtOH extract of seed, and 560 mg% in 80% MeOH extract of seed. The highest contents of ferulic acid and salicylic acid were $875{\mu}g/g\;and\;78{\mu}g/g$ in 80% MeOH extract of leaf, and $\rho-coumaric$ acid was $181{\mu}g/g$ in 80% MeOH extract of stem, respectively. The highest contents of ginsenoside-Rg1, Re, Rd and Rc were $14.5{\mu}g/g,\;48.78{\mu}g/g,\;27.57{\mu}g/g\;and\;4.87{\mu}g/g$ in 80% MeOH extract of leaf, respectively. Antioxidant activities by DPPH were 83.82% in water extract of leaf, 89.74% in 80% EtOH extract of leaf and 88.37% in 80% MeOH extract of leaf, and 92.81% in BHA (200 ppm). These results suggest that Korean mountain ginseng is very important as functional food material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1245-1250
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• 2006

This study was carried out to develop the method of preparing lecithin-fortified ginseng extract. Firstly, soybean lecithin was mixed with soybean oil (LCS) in varying ratio (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20%). Then, one part volume of LCS was mixed with three parts volume of ginseng extract with 10% solid matter content and the mixture was vortexed vigorously. Finally, the mixture was spinned at the speed of 3,000 rpm for 30 minutes to separate oil and aqueous ginseng extract layer (AG). AG was then subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis of phospholipids and ginsenosides. Fatty acid composition and crude fat content before and after LCS was determined. Stability of lecithin in ginseng extract was determined by analyzing phospholipid content in the one third upper and lower layer of the concentrated AG in Falcon tubes while storing the LCS treated concentrated AG in 4, 25 and 40oC for 6 months. Ratio of lecithin transferred to AG increased with the increase in lecithin content of soybean oil. There was no significant change in fatty acid composition and crude fat content, and ginsenoside content in the ginseng extract before and after LCS treatment. TLC and HPLC pattern of saponin fraction before and after treating the ginseng extract with LCS demonstrated no observable difference. There was no change in lecithin content in the upper and lower one third layer of ginseng extract in the tubes after storing the concentrated AG in 4, 25 and $40^{\circ}C$ for 6 months. Ginsenosides HPLC pattern was not changed when stored the LCS-treated ginseng extract in those conditions for six months, indicating satisfiable stability of the LCS-treated concentrated ginseng extract. From these results, it can be concluded that treatment of the ginseng extract with lecithin containing soybean oil is a labor effective method with satisfiable stability to fortify lecithins to ginseng extract.