• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.274-284
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• 2008

For forest valuation, various input data were generally required: for example, slope, timber stocks, logging costs, hauling costs, market values of timber, afforestation costs, thinning costs, and so on. To enhance the efficiency of forest valuation process, it would be helpful to guide how and where to acquire such data sets. Moreover, to make an appraisal of timber assets through the Forestry Household Economy Survey, it would be inevitable to use standardized input data by region or tree species. Therefore, this research intended to develop a methodology of standardizing each input data, and to present its available data sources. Also, a guidance was presented to explain how to control input data within the appraisal process. Then, the appraisal process were analyzed and summarized in four types of information such as system flowchart, process flowcharts, detail flowcharts, and skimmer data, which are essential elements in developing an appraisal software, named EnVAST (Engine of Valuation System for Timber Assets). The software was designed to generate 'the standard forest valuation table' by species and province as the final output that is applicable for the forest valuation through the Forestry Household Economy Survey in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.75-83
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• 2010

College campus landscape plans once focused mainly on campus functionality and aesthetically pleasing buildings. Yet now, after the rise of greater emphasis on afforestation and eco-friendly planning, building spaces for the local culture and community has become the core of the plan. This study analyzed the design strategies and details of the landscape plan that was selected through the contest to select a design plan for the cultural park at Sunchon National University. The key considerations for the landscape Design for the cultural space at Sunchon National University areas follows. First, the design plan sought ways to reach out to the local community, going one step beyond just opening up campus facilities. This means more than just the opening of physical facilities and environments. It was designed to serve as a base to organize diversified programs by generations and groups with an aim to share the history and culture of the college, the local community and the region. Second, shapes and colors were designed to establish a unified image between buildings and outdoor facilities. "Three Books" was selected as the key motif as books were believed to be the most representative symbol of colleges while 6 straight lines, hexagons and circles inspired by the shape of three books were used in the design. In terms of colors, reddish-brown was used for buildings to enhance visibility along with harmony and esthetic appreciation. For facilities, black and blue were used as dominant colors and white and yellow as point colors to promote the image of Sunchon City. Third, with an aim to overcome the limitation of the overall college campus as a closed space, it was designed to be a barrier-free space, remaining open to everyone and encouraging visits and experiences for active communication with the local community.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 2021

Bioenergy is generally considered to be one of the options for pursuing carbon neutrality. However, for a period of time, combustion of harvested plant biomass inevitably causes more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than combustion of fossil fuels. This paper proposes a method that predicts and minimizes the total amount and payback period of this carbon debt. As a case study, a carbon cycle impact assessment was performed for immediate switching of the currently used fossil fuels to biomass. This work points out a fundamental vulnerability in the concept of carbon neutrality. As an action plan for the sustainability of bioenergy, formulas for afforestation proportional to the decrease in the forest area and surplus harvest proportional to the increase in the forest mass are proposed. The results of optimization indicate that the carbon debt payback period is about 70 years, and the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases by more than 50% at a maximum and 3% at a steady state. These are theoretically predicted best results, which are expected to be worse in reality. Therefore, biomass is not truly carbon neutral, and it is inappropriate as an energy source alternative to fossil fuels. The method proposed in this work is expected to be able to contribute to the approach to carbon neutrality by minimizing present and future carbon debt of the bioenergy that is already in use.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2024

This study conducted surveys to identify the distribution of communities and flora according to vegetation in the coastal sand dunes of Sagye in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, located at the southernmost tip of Korea. The survey was conducted over 20 sessions from April 2020 to October 2021. As a result of the study, physiognomy was classified into six correlated vegetation types: plant communities on the salt marsh, annual communities on a coastal drift-line, herb communities on a dune, shrub communities on a coastal dune, forest-edge communities on a dune, and artificial afforestation vegetation. The survey identified 43 communities, and a total of 212 taxa were found to be distributed among 62 families, 166 genera, 191 species, 15 varieties, 3 subspecies, and 3 forma. It was found that there were five rare plant taxa distributed in the area, including the Cymbidium macrorrhizum which was classified as an endangered Class II plant by the Ministry of Environment. Floristic target species identified by the surveys included 2 taxa for grade V, 5 taxa for grade IV, 15 taxa for grade III, 14 taxa for grade II, and 19 taxa for grade I. Climate-sensitive biological indicator species included 11 indicator and 2 candidate species, representing a high ratio of 33.3% of all indicator species and 15.4% of candidate species. Naturalized plants included 16 families, 43 genera, and 52 taxa, with a naturalization rate of 21.1% and an urbanization index of 24.5%. It is expected that these results will be widely used as data needed to prepare conservation and management measures for biodiversity in response to climate change in coastal dunes in the future.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.409-414
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• 2009

In 1970's Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) had been widely planted Korea as an important forest greening species for erosion control afforestation. Since 2000, however, the tree's leaf-yellowing symptom has often been observed at a limited region and then spreaded out over the country in 2006. This study was conducted to study soil physiochemical properties of black locust stands with and without the leaf-yellowing symptom in Osan, Gyeonggi province. Most of soils in sampling sites were mostly slightly eroded, dry, and moderately dry. Available soil depth(16cm) and total soil depth(26cm) in leaf-yellowing (LY) site were significantly lower than in non leaf-yellowing (Non-LY) site's soil depths which were 30cm and 56cm, respectively. And solid phase proportion and bulk density in soils were lower in LY site than in non-LY site soils, while soil liquid phase proportion was also low. It could reflect that LY site soils might have a lower air and moisture movement in the rhizosphere of black locust stand compared with non-LY site soils. Soil acidity in both sites was very strong acid, soil pH (4.42) of LY site was slightly lower than non-LY site's (pH 4.54). Content of available phosphorous, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ and percent base saturation were less than LY site. These results indicated that soil physiochemical condition in LY site, more deteriorated than non-LY site, should adversely affect the retention and supply capacity of soil nutrients and moisture. Therefore the black locust may be more sensitive to other environmental stresses.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to improve growth and survival rate of marine microalgae and macroalga zoospores using with eco-friendly capsulation materials. The capsulation materials were chosen an alginic acid which extracted from marine brown algae combining with starch and calcium chloride. The capsulated microalgae, Nannochloropsis salina and macroalga zoospores, Ulva australis were evaluated with growth and survival rate. When the mixed ratio of alginic acid was less than 50%, capsule formation was not performed. When the ratio of 50% alginic acid and 50% starch, the microalgae was shown the highest growth and survival rate increasing up to $8.74{\times}10^5cells\;mL^{-1}$ while 100% of alginic acid was the lowest rate up to $4.92{\times}10^5cells\;mL^{-1}$. The increasing starch ratio improved to their growth and survival rate, however decreasing alginic acid make physical capsule formation weaken. By applying on a surface of artificial reef, capsulated algal zoospores were germinated 99 individuals $cm^{-2}$. This attempt will be provided to basic core technology for marine afforestation in coastal area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2005

The vegetation of Bijin and Yongcho Islets was investigated from February 1, 2000 to March 30, 2002, and forest structure was constructed. Vascular plants of this area consisted of 12 forms, 59 varieties, 476 species, 352 genera, 112 families and 37 orders. Among them, 37 species (6.8% out of the total 547 taxa) of evergreen broad leaved trees, 36 species (6.6% out of the total 547 taxa and 19.7% out of the total naturalized plants in Korea) of naturalized plants, 6 species of endemic plants and 41 species of cultivated plants were observed. Rare and endangered plants include 1 taxa: Crypsinus hastatus ('98-4). The vegetation in this study area was classified into 9 communities (Pinus thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata var thunbergii Camellia japonica, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus coreana, Platycarya strobilacea, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens) and 1 afforestation (Alnus firma).

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2006

This study is intended to develop an economic feasibility methodology of A/R CDM projects based on two project cases in China and Vietnam and to evaluate the project profitability from the view point of credit type selection between temporary CER (tCER) and long term CER (lCER) as well as from the aspect of CER prices by using indicators IRR, the year in which a single year profit is achieved and the year in which the accumulated deficit is cleared. For A/R CDM projects of industrial plantations, tCER is more suitable than lCER. Profitability of A/R CDM projects depend on the price of wood and CERs. In the case that the project participants take responsibility for replacement of credits to make the price of their CERs at higher levels, thus the project may not be feasible as a CDM project. However, minimum required tCER prices without replacement are 11US$/t $CO_2$, thus the project may be feasible under the future carbon market scheme.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.1 s.158
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• pp.45-49
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• 2005

Although the forest accounts in Korea have been constructed partly as the research projects since the mid-1990s, the framework of the accounts has not yet been established. The objective of this study is to provide the physical asset accounts of forested land and forest stock based on the system of integrated environmental economic accounts(SEEA) by utilizing the restructured 2004 statistical yearbook of forestry in Korea. In 2004 yearbook, new variables such as logging area and volumes are added. The logging area and volumes play important roles in constructing forest accounts because the basic structure of the physical asset accounts are composed of the opening stock, closing stock, and the changes between the two. The changes between the opening and closing stock are largely explained by the harvest. In forest accounts, in general, the main elements for the increase in stock are afforestation and reforestation while the main cause for the decrease is logging. In this study we separate the logging into natural or man-made causes. In addition, other useful information for the status of forest is recorded in an annex even if it is not necessary element in the account table. According to the forested land asset accounts generated with 2003 data, the logging area is larger than the reforestation area, and the total forested land is decreased. The logging volume is 0.4% of the total stock volume, and the planed logging volume is more than 3 times larger than the damaged logging volume. The damaged logging volumes by man-made causes is about $300,000m^3$, and it is much than that of natural causes, which is about $55,000m^3$.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2005

The black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) forests were studied by a phytosociological approach. Particular attention was given to characterize the vegetation classification, distribution pattern, and ecological flora of the syntaxa classified. A total of 38 releves were analyzed by using Correlation coefficient, UPGMA as the clustering method, and Principal Coordinates Analysis for ordination. Ecological flora analyzed by plant character sets such as scrambler, annual and biennial plants, forest elements, and actual urbanization index. The analyzed data are based on site-releve matrix with relative net contribution degree (r-NCD) of species. A total of 77 families, 193 genera and 323 species of vascular plants are recorded. Camellino-Robinietum pseudoacaciae ass. nov. and Phragmites-Robinia pseudoacacia community were described. Main cluster and ordination could be separated: 1) urban type, 2) rural type, 3) riparian type, and 4) combined type. It is defined that the Robinietum is a representative unit on the black locust afforestation, Phragmites-Robinia community on the lentic zone in the river ecosystem, and Cameliino-Robinietum ailanthetosum altissimae as an urban forest type. The Robinietum was considered as a perpetual community.