• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1987

The physicochemical properties of kidney bean crude and refined starch were investigated. The results were as follows : Amylose content of refined starch was 77%. Blue values of crude and refined starch were 0.375 and 0.410, respectively. Ferricyanide numbers of crude and refined starch were 1.00 and 1.94, respectively, and alkalinumbers of crude and refined starch were 8.67 and 6.90, respectively. Amylose had molecular weight of 18067 and degree of polymerization was 112. Amylopectin had degree of branching of 3.7 per 100 glucose units and glucose units of 27 per segment of amylopectin. Water binding capacities of crude and refined starch were 202.1% and 169.4%, respectively. Both swelling powers of crude and refined starch were increased rapidly from $70^{\circ}C$ to $90^{\circ}C$ and their curves showed a single-stage pattern. The optical transmittance of 0.2% crude starch suspension was increased rapidly from $80^{\circ}C$ to $83^{\circ}C$ and that of 0.2% refined starch suspension was increased rapidly from $77^{\circ}C$ to $83^{\circ}C$. Brabender hot-paste viscosities of crude and refined starch at 6% and 8% concentation (solid basis) showed the similar amylogram patterns of c type with no peak vircosity.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.595-599
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• 2009

Sarcocystis grueneri-like sarcocysts were found from the cardiac muscles of a rearing red deer (Cervus elaphus) carcass in Korea. In the light microscopical examination of sarcocysts, they were oval to spherical cysts and 90-170$\times$110-380 ${\mu}m$ in size. However, there was no inflammation and myofiber degeneration. In the transmission electron microscope, these cysts were located within the sarcoplasm of the host cell and filled with merozoites. The sarcocysts were enclosed by a very thin wall (0.45-0.6 ${\mu}m$ thick) that consists of protrusions and ground substance. The primary cyst wall formed numerous strip-like protrusions which were 0.2-0.3 ${\mu}m$ wide and up to 4.2 ${\mu}m$ long. The protrusions were running in parallel with the surface of the cyst. A characteristic of the cyst wall was absent of fibrils inside the protrusions. Merozoites in the compartment measured about $15\times4\;{\mu}m$. The merozoite consisted of four regions: micronemes and rhoptries, amylopectin granule, nucleus, and amylopectin granules. The number of rhoptry was counted in 7-13.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.61-62
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• 1998

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 1999

Thirty-eight glutinous rice varieties were classified into nine groups on the scatter diagram by the upper two principal components (56% contribution to the total information) based on eleven physicochemical characteristics including the viscograms and physical properties of cooked rice. The first principal component was the factor mainly associated with the viscogram characteristics of rice flour emulsion and the second was the factor chiefly related to the physical properties of cooked rice and water absorbability of rice grain. Indica glutinous rices were clearly distinguished from japonica ones by the first principal component score. Javanica glutinous rices were widely distributed on the intermediate zone between indica and japonica or on several japonica rice groups. Significant positive or negative correlations were found among water absorption rates of rice grain, physical properties of cooked rice, and viscogram characteristics of rice flour. Especially in japonica glutinous rices, the breakdown and setback viscosities of rice flour were closely associated with the alkali digestion value of milled rice and the stickiness of cooked rice. The frequency ratio of short glucose chains (A-chain) to intermediate glucose chains (B-chain), the ratio of B- chains to long glucose chains (C-chain) and the relative frequency of A- or B-chain fractions representing the amylopection structure of rice starch was closely associated with the breakdown and setback viscosities of rice flour.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1046-1052
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• 2003

Viscoelastic behavior of oxidized starch gel, modified with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and the adding effects of protein in oxidized starch gel was studied by dynamic viscoelastic measurement. The storage modulus(G′) of starch gel increased with the increase of starch concentration. They showed higher value when starch suspension was treated to 95$^{\circ}C$ rather than 85$^{\circ}C$. Consistency of starch gel was decreased over 1.0% active Cl/g starch when heated to 95$^{\circ}C$, which means that the swelling of starch granules increased with concentration of NaOCl and showed more sensitive against shear. As the extent of oxidation increased, starch granules were easily destroyed. Therefore, it is hard to separate between compartment of leached-out amylose and that of amylopectin, which means that the ability of gel formation was reduced. When oxidized starches were gelatinized in presence of soy protein and sodium caseinate, it was found that G′ decreased, and frequency dependence of G′ and G" increased with the increased degree of oxidation in starch. The reduce of starch-protein interaction was thought to be through the dissociation of the branched amylopectin, which playa leading role in protein interaction, with the oxidation of starch.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1991

The physicochemical properties of starches from dry(Suwon 147) and moist type(Hwangmi) sweet potato were investigated and molecular structural properties of their amylopectins were also studied by gel chromatography. Suwon 147 starch bad lower swelling power and higher gelatinization temperature than Hwangmi starch. $\beta-Amylolysis\;limit(%)$ of Suwon 147 and Hwangmi amylopectin were 57.6% and 57.0%, respectively. Average unit chain length of amylopectins were 24.8 glucose units for Suwon 147 and 21.9 for Hwangmi. The elution profiles by Sephadex G-50 after debranched amylopectins of the two starches were similar but DPs of each peak were different.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47
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• pp.200-215
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• 2002

There are some international standards and organization controling the quality characteristics of varieties and seeds such as UPOV, OECD, ISTA, AOSA. The National List system to check variety performance such as quality characteristics of plant varieties and seeds was established by each countries. The UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New varieties of Plant) regulates the requirement of plant variety protection that is distinctness (D), uniformity (U), stability (S) (here in after called DUS), Novelty and Denomination, and some quality characteristics are used to examine the requirement of plant variety protection by each crops. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation Development) seed scheme regulates the seed certification for seed trade between countries. ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) and AOSA(Association for Official Seed Analyst) regulates the seed analysis standard and methods. Most of the countries in Europe has the National List system, which check the value for cultivation and use(VCU), that is to say, variety performance such as yield, quality and stress to environment. All the seeds should be enlisted in the National List before sell the seed in their country. All the quality characteristics checked variety performance are for instance, amylose and amylopectin content in rice, molting quality, $\beta$-glucan, protein in barley, protein and sugar content in soybean, sugar and amylopectin content in corn etc. Conditions for the protection of new variety of plant are DUS. Quality characteristics may be the important characteristics and used to check DUS in crop by crop. It is very important to develop a new characteristics and establish standard method fur examine the VCU and DUS test for each crop.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.220-220
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• 2022

Disproportionating Enzyme 1 (DPE1) is an a-1,4-D-glucanotransferase that cleavages the a-1,4-glucosidic bonds and transfers glucosyl groups. In rice endosperm, it participates in starch synthesis by transferring maltooligosyl groups from amylose and amylopectin to amylopectin. Here, we investigated the haplotype variations and evolutionary indices (e.g., genetic diversity and population structure) for the DPE1 gene in 374 rice accessions representing seven subgroups (wild, indica, temperate japonica, tropical japonica, aus, aromatic, and admixture). Variant calling analysis of DPE1 coding regions leads to the identification of six functional haplotypes representing/occupying 8 nonsynonymous SNPs. Nucleotide diversity analysis revealed the highest pi-value in wild group (0.0556) compared to other cultivated groups, of which temperate japonica showed the most reduction of genetic diversity value (0.003). A significant positive Tajima's D value (1.6330) of admixture highlights sudden population contraction under balancing selection, while temperate japonica with the lowest Tajima's D value (-1.3523) showed a selection signature of DPE1 domestication which might be the cause of excess of rare alleles. Moreover, these two subpopulations exhibits a greater differentiation (F_ST=0.0148), indicating a higher genetic diversity. Our findings on functional DPE1 haplotypes will be useful in future breeding programs, and the evolutionary indices can also be applicable in functional studies of the DPE1 gene.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.215-215
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• 2022

Starch synthase proteins (SSI, SSII and SSIII) in rice are mainly involved in amylopectin synthesis mediating its chain elongation, and the functional loss of SSII can increase amylose accumulation through decreasing of amylopectin chain proportions. For purposes of identifying functional haplotypes and evolutionary analyses of this gene, SSII-1, we investigated 374 rice accessions belonging to different subgroups of origins. We subsequently performed bioinformatic analyses on their variations through haplotyping, resequencing and structuring based on different classified populations. Haplotyping of cultivated rice accessions using genetic variations within SSII-1 genomic region of chromosome 10 revealed a total of 8 haplotypes, representing 6 functional haplotypes by 4 non-synonymous SNPs of three different exons (1, 4 and 10), which effect on protein structure. Higher nucleotide diversity value was found in wild group (0.0055) compared to any of cultivated subpopulations, of which aus showed the most reduction of diversity value (0.0003). Tajima's D analysis exhibits the most Tajima's D value only in admixture group (0.3600) which appears to be the cause of a sudden population contraction by rare alleles scarcity. A clear separation of some wild accessions from the admixed cultivated subpopulations was observed in PCA and phylogenetic analysis. Similar admixed pattern of population structure was estimated with an increased K values of 2 to 8 where genetic components of almost all cultivated subpopulations were shared with the wild which can also be subsequently estimated by very low F_ST-values by -0.011 (wild-aromatic) and -0.003 (wild-admixture).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.216-216
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• 2022

The starch-branching enzymes (BEs) are responsible for synthesizing the amylopectin, which plays an important role in determining the structural and physical properties of starch granules. BE has two differently functioning isoforms (BEI and BEIIa/b) based on their difference in the chain-length pattern by the degree of polymerization (DP), which mainly contributes to the amylopectin chain length distribution in starch biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated functional haplotypes and evolutionary analyses of SBE1 in 374 rice accessions (320 Korean bred and 54 wild). The analyses were performed based on the classified subpopulations. Haplotype analysis generates a total of 8 haplotypes, of which only four haplotypes were functional carrying four functional SNPs in four different exons of SBE1 on chromosome 6. Nucleotide diversity analysis showed a highest pi-value in aromatic group (0.0029), while the lowest diversity value was in temperate japonica (0.0002), indicating the signal of this gene evolution origin. Different directional selections could be estimated by negative Tajima's D value of temperate japonica (-1.1285) and positive Tajima's D value of tropical japonica (0.9456), where the selective sweeps were undergone by both positive purifying and balancing selections. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a closer relationship of the wild with most of the cultivated subgroups indicating a common ancestor for SBE1 gene. FST-values indicate distant genetic relationships of temperate japonica from all other classified groups. PCA and population structure analysis show an admixed structure of wild and cultivated subpopulations in some proportions.