• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2008

We have investigated the effect of the formation of an initial oxide layer on the fabrication of the porous aluminium oxide. The porous aluminium oxide was fabricated by two-step anodization process with a electropolished aluminium foil. Before the first anodization step, the initial oxide layer with thickness of 10 nm was formed under the applied voltage of 1 V and later the anodization was continued under 40 V using oxalic acid solution. With the formation of the initial oxide layer, the anodization process was stable and the anodization current was constant throughout the process. In case of the absence of the initial oxide layer, the anodization was very unstable and the continuous increase in the anodization current was observed. This indicates the formation of the initial oxide layer on the aluminium surface prevents the burning of the surface due to the nonuniform distribution of the applied electric field, and allows the stable anodization process required for the porous aluminium oxide.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.217-221
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• 2005

In the present investigation, holographic interferometry was utilized for the first time to monitor in situ the thickness of the oxide film of aluminium samples during anodization processes in boric acid solutions. The anodization process (oxidation) of the aluminium samples was carried out by the technique of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), in different concentrations of boric acid (0.5-5.0% $H_3BO_3$) at room temperature. In the mean time, the real-time holographic interferometry was used to measure the thickness of anodized (oxide) film of the aluminium samples in solutions. Consequently, holographic interferometry is found very useful for surface finish industries especially for monitoring the early stage of anodization processes of metals, in which the thickness of the anodized film of the aluminium samples can be determined without any physical contact. In addition, measurements of electrochemical values such as the alternating current (A.C) impedance(Z), the double layer capacitance($C_{dl}$), and the polarization resistance(Rp) of anodized films of aluminium samples in boric acid solutions were made by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). Attempts to measure electrochemical values of Z, Cdl, and Rp were not possible by holographic interferometry in boric acid especially in low concentrations of the acid. This is because of the high rate of evolutions of interferometric fringes during the anodization process of the aluminium samples in boric acid, which made measurements of Z, Cdl, and Rp are difficult.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1340-1344
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• 1999

The electrochemical behavior of oxide layers on aluminium was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Impedance spectra were taken at a compact and a porous oxide layer of Al. The anodic films on Al have a variable stoichiometry with gradual reduction of oxygen deficiency towards the oxide-electrolyte interface. Thus, the interpretation of impedance spectra for oxide layers is complicated, with the impedance of surface layers differing from those of ideal capacitors. This layer behavior with conductance gradients was caused by an inhomogeneous dielectric. The frequency response cannot be described by a single RC element. The oxide layers of Al are properly described by the Young model of dielectric constant with a vertical decay of conductivity.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.439-449
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• 1998

Formation of oxide inclusions in the molten aluminium alloys during solidification is investigated. The oxidation tendency of both Al-4.5wt%Cu and Al-7wt%Si alloys is increased with melt temperature, particularly over $700^{\circ}C$. However, an Al-5wt%Mg alloy exhibits a decreasing mode over $800^{\circ}C$. The oxidation behavior with holding time shows the S curve shape for all of the alloys. It is shown that the mechanism of oxidation of Al-5wt%Mg alloy has a two step process different from that of Al-4.5wt%Cu and Al-7wt%Si alloys. The species and morphology of oxide inclusions in each alloy is also shown. The microstructure was more coarsened during solidification when the melt contains a large amount of oxide inclusion than when it doesn't. This result can be explained in terms of both the hindrance of heat extraction by oxide film formed on the aluminium melt and the difference of heat capacity between the aluminium melt and oxide inclusion during solidification.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2009

All-ceramic restorations have gained acceptance among clinicians and patients because of their superior esthetics. Most all-ceramic systems have a 2-layer structure, using a weak veneering ceramic over a strong supporting core. often, failure of all-ceramic restorations occurs when the veneering ceramic fractures, exposing the core material. The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of heat press ceramic system (Zirpress) to zirconia core with various surface treatments. 10 metal cores and 50 zirconia cores were fabricated and divided into six groups according to surface treatment such as Zirliner application, aluminium oxide blasting, and 9.5% HF etching. Sixty specimens were prepared using Zirpress, veneered 8mm height and 3mm in diameter, over the zirconia cores (n=10). The shear bond strength test was performed in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1/min. Ultimate shear bond strength data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and the Scheffe's test (p=.05). Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: The mean shear bond strengths (MPa) were: 12.93 for $110{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide blasting/Rexillium III/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 14.92 for $50{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide blasting ${\pm}9.5%$ HF etching/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 16.37 for $110{\mu}$ aluminium oxide blasting + 9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 12.89 for $200{\mu}$ aluminium oxide blasting + 9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 19.30 for 9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 19.55 for Zirliner/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress. The mean shear bond strength for ZNTZH (Zirliner/Zirconis core) and ZNTEH (9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core) were significantly superior to MS110H ($110{\mu}$ aluminium oxide blasting/Rexillium III) and ZS200EH ($200{\mu}$ aluminium oxide blasting + 9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core) (p<0.05).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1907-1909
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• 2006

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 2002

Spectral emissivity depends on the surface conditions of the materials. The mechanisms that affect the spectral emissivity in anodic oxide films on aluminum were investigated. The aluminum specimens were anodized in a sulfuric acid solution and the thickness of the resulting oxide film formed changed with the anodizing time. FT-IR spectrum analysis identified the anodic oxide film as boehmite ($Al_2$$O_3$.$H_2$O). Both the infrared emisivity and reflectivity of the anodized aluminum were affected by the structure of the anodic oxide film because Al-OH and Al-O-Al have a pronounced absorption band in the infrared region of the spectrum. The presence of an anodic oxide film on aluminum caused a rapid drop in the infrared reflectivity. An aluminum surface in the clean state had an emissivity of approximately 0.2. However, the infrared emissivity rapidly increased to 0.91 as the thickness of the anodic oxide film increased.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect retention element formed by metal surface treatment method on the bond strength of indirect composite resin and metal. The metal specimens were cast from Ni-Cr alloy($Rexillium^{(R)}$ III). They were divided into 5 groups by applied retention element: $50{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide sandblasting group, $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide sandblasting group, 0.2mm retention crystal group, 10% $H_{2}SO_{4}$ solution etching group, $110{\mu}m$ $Rocatec^{TM}$ Plus system group. Total 50 metal specimens were veneered with Sinfony indirect composite resin system. Specimens were tested for shear bond strength on an Instron universal testing machine and fracture mode of fractured specimens were analyzed by SEM and EDS. 1. 0.2 mm retention crystals were most effective in improving the resin-metal shear bond strength (p<0.05). 2. Sandblasting by $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide were more effective than sandblasting by $50{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide in improving the resin-metal shear bond strength(p<0.05). 3. Fracture mode of resin-metal fractured surface were cohesive failure mode in 0.2mm retention crystal, mixed failure mode in sandblasted specimens, etched specimens and the specimens sandblasted with $110{\mu}m$ $Rocatec^{TM}$ Plus system.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1995

For the purpose of this study, the silicoating on Ni-Cr-Be alloy surface was carried out by using the Silicoater MD. The effect of time delay after silicoating on the bond strength between the metal and resin cement was examined. The groups were divided into 4 : group 1 : Sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide, immediatly cemented group 2 : Sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide, silicoated and immediatly cemented group 3 : Sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide, silicoated and cemented after 7 days group 4 : Sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide, silicoated and coated with unfilled resin and cemented after 7 days Specimens were luted with Comspan, Superbond C&B or Panavia EX. The tensile bond strength between the metal and resin cement was measured by using the universal testing machine. The results were as follows : 1. The bond strength in groups 2, 3 and 4 was higher than that of group 1 (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference among the bond strength in groups 2, 3 and 4 (p>0.05). 2. In Comspan-cemented groups, there was no significant difference among the bond strength in groups 2, 3 and 4 (p<0.05). 3. In Panavia EX-cemented groups, the bond strength of group 3 was higher than that of group 2 (p<0.05) and there was no significant difference between groups 3 and 4. 4. In Superbond C&B-cemented groups, there was significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05) and the bond strength of group 4 was higher than that of group 3 (p<0.05). 5. The highest tensile bond strength was obtained by using the Superbond C&B and no difference in the Panavia EX and Comspan. 6. The modes of bond failure were mainly cohesive failure. The method of storage and transport indicated in this study seems recommendable for laboratory and clinical use at least up to 7 days.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.10-19
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• 1998

The erosion of electrode in spot welding of aluminium alloy by direct current is dependent on the electric polarity. The positive electrode is much more eroded than the negative one. To explain this phenomenon, Peltier effect has been generally accepted as a unique theory. In this study Peltier effect was evaluated by calculations on the basis of some references and experiments. The difference of heat generated by Peltier effect on both electrode surfaces was, however, only 4% of total heat generated during wel- ding. Because of insufficient explanation, Kohler theory, which is mainly affected by thin oxide film, was introduced. A theoretical calculation showed 17% of the temperature difference between the positive and negative electrode, in case "surface voltage" resulted from oxide film was 30% of total contact voltage. This revealed that the erosion of electrode could be more affected by Kohler theory than effect.an effect.