• 제목/요약/키워드: alloy composition

검색결과 762건 처리시간 0.03초

기계적 합금화법으로 제조한 Mg2NiHx-Graphene 복합재료의 수소화 특성 평가 (Evaluation of Hydrogen Properties on Mg2NiHx-Graphene Composites by Mechanical Alloying)

  • 이영상;이수선;이병하;정석;홍태환
    • 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
    • /
    • 제25권1호
    • /
    • pp.19-27
    • /
    • 2014
  • Mg hydride has a high hydrogen capacity (7.6%), at high temperature, and is a lightweight and low cost material, thus it a promising hydrogen storage material. However, its high operation temperature and very slow reaction kinetics are obstacles to practical application. In order to overcome these disadvantages of Mg hydride, graphene powder was added to it. The addition of graphene has been shown to reduce the operating temperature of dehydrogenation. Moreover, in this report the environmental aspects of $MgH_x$-Graphene composites are investigated by means of the environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) method. $MgH_x$-Graphene mixture was prepared by hydrogen induced mechanical alloy (HIMA). The synthesized powder was characterized by XRD(X-ray Diffraction). The hydrogenation behaviors were evaluated by using a Sievert's type automatic PCT apparatus. Such evaluation of Materials also conducted in the LCA. From the result of P-C-T(Pressure-Composition-Temperature) curves, the $MgH_x$-3wt.% graphene composite was evaluated as having a 5.86wt.% maximum hydrogen storage capacity, at 523K. From absorption kinetic testing, the $MgH_x$-7wt.% graphene composite was evaluated as having a maximum 6.94wt.%/ms hydrogen absorption rate, at 573K. Environment evaluation results for the $MgH_x$-graphene composites and other materials indicated environmental impact from the electric power used and from the materials themselves.

Effect of Manganese Content on the Magnetic Susceptibility of Ferrous-Manganese Alloys: Correlation between Microstructure on X-Ray Diffraction and Size of the Low-Intensity Area on MRI

  • Youn, Sung Won;Kim, Moon Jung;Yi, Seounghoon;Ahn, Hyun Jin;Park, Kwan Kyu;Lee, Jongmin;Lee, Young-Cheol
    • Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    • /
    • 제19권2호
    • /
    • pp.76-87
    • /
    • 2015
  • Purpose: There is an ongoing search for a stent material that produces a reduced susceptibility artifact. This study evaluated the effect of manganese (Mn) content on the MRI susceptibility artifact of ferrous-manganese (Fe-Mn) alloys, and investigated the correlation between MRI findings and measurements of Fe-Mn microstructure on X-ray diffraction (XRD). Materials and Methods: Fe-Mn binary alloys were prepared with Mn contents varying from 10% to 35% by weight (i.e., 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%; designated as Fe-10Mn, Fe-15Mn, Fe-20Mn, Fe-25Mn, Fe-30Mn, and Fe-35Mn, respectively), and their microstructure was evaluated using XRD. Three-dimensional spoiled gradient echo sequences of cylindrical specimens were obtained in parallel and perpendicular to the static magnetic field (B0). In addition, T1-weighted spin echo, T2-weighted fast spin echo, and $T2^*$weighted gradient echo images were obtained. The size of the low-intensity area on MRI was measured for each of the Fe-Mn binary alloys prepared. Results: Three phases of ${\alpha}^{\prime}$-martensite, ${\gamma}$-austenite, and ${\varepsilon}$-martensite were seen on XRD, and their composition changed from ${\alpha}^{\prime}$-martensite to ${\gamma}$-austenite and/or ${\varepsilon}$-martensite, with increasing Mn content. The Fe-10Mn and Fe-15Mn specimens comprised ${\alpha}^{\prime}$-martensite, the Fe-20Mn and Fe-25Mn specimens comprised ${\gamma}+{\varepsilon}$ phases, and the Fe-30Mn and Fe-35Mn specimens exhibited a single ${\gamma}$ phase. The size of the low-intensity areas of Fe-Mn on MRI decreased relative to its microstructure on XRD with increasing Mn content. Conclusion: Based on these findings, proper conditioning of the Mn content in Fe-Mn alloys will improve its visibility on MR angiography, and a Mn content of more than 25% is recommended to reduce the magnetic susceptibility artifacts on MRI. A reduced artifact of Fe-Mn alloys on MRI is closely related to the paramagnetic constitution of ${\gamma}$-austenite and/or ${\varepsilon}$-martensite.

무전해 Ni-P UBM과 95.5Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu 솔더와의 계면반응 및 신뢰성에 대한 연구 (A study on the interfacial reactions between electroless Ni-P UBM and 95.5Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu solder bump)

  • 전영두;백경욱
    • 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2002년도 춘계 기술심포지움 논문집
    • /
    • pp.85-91
    • /
    • 2002
  • Even though electroless Hi and Sn-Ag-Cu solder are widely used materials in electronic packaging applications, interfacial reactions of the ternary Ni-Cu~Sn system have not been known well because of their complexity. Because the growth of intermetallics at the interface affects reliability of solder joint, the intermetallics in Ni-Cu-Sn system should be identified, and their growth should be investigated. Therefore, in present study, interfacial reactions between electroless Ni UB7f and 95.5Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu alloy were investigated focusing on morphology of the IMCs, thermodynamics, and growth kinetics. The IMCs that appear during a reflow and an aging are different each other. In early stage of a reflow, ternary IMC whose composition is Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$ forms firstly. Due to the lack of Cu diffusion, Ni$_{34}$Cu$_{6}$Sn$_{60}$ phase begins growing in a further reflow. Finally, the Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$ IMC grows abnormally and spalls into the molten solder. The transition of the IMCs from Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$ to Ni$_{34}$Cu$_{6}$Sn$_{60}$ was observed at a specific temperature. From the measurement of activation energy of each IMC, growth kinetics was discussed. In contrast to the reflow, three kinds of IMCs (Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$, Ni$_{20}$Cu$_{28}$Au$_{5}$, and Ni$_{34}$Cu$_{6}$Sn$_{60}$) were observed in order during an aging. All of the IMCs were well attached on UBM. Au in the quaternary IMC, which originates from immersion Au plating, prevents abnormal growth and separation of the IMC. Growth of each IMC is very dependent to the aging temperature because of its high activation energy. Besides the IMCs at the interface, plate-like Ag3Sn IMC grows as solder bump size inside solder bump. The abnormally grown Ni$_{22}$Cu$_{29}$Sn$_{49}$ and Ag$_3$Sn IMCs can be origins of brittle failure.failure.

  • PDF

동시증발법을 이용한 SmBCO/IBAD-MgO 박막 장선재 제조 (Fabrication of long SmBCO coated conductor on IBAD-MgO template using co-evaporation method)

  • 하홍수;김호섭;고락길;유권국;양주생;김호겸;정승욱;이정훈;이남진;김태형;송규정;하동우;오상수;염도준;박찬;유상임;문승현;주진호
    • 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
    • /
    • pp.241-241
    • /
    • 2007
  • We fabricated SmBCO coated conductors(CCs) on IBAD-MgO templates using co-evaporation method. IBAD-MgO templates consist of PLD-LMO/epi-MgO/IBAD-MgO/Ni-alloy and showed good in-plane texture of below FWHM 7 degree. Evaporation rates of Sm, Ba, and Cu were precisely controlled to get the optimum composition ratio after deposition process. To optimize the oxygen partial pressure of reaction region, wide range of the partial pressure was investigated from 1 mTorr to 15 mTorr. By reducing the oxygen partial pressure to 5mTorr, (103)grains in SmBCO layer have been increased. On the other hand, there were only (001)grains in SmBCO layer deposited at 15 mTorr $O_2$. Deposition temperature was also investigated from $600^{\circ}C\;to\;800^{\circ}C$ to make high Ic SmBCO CCs. SmBCO on IBAD MgO template showed that the Ic increased gradually at higher growth temperature to $800^{\circ}C$, which the highest Jc and Ic is $2.6\;MA/cm^2$ and 500 A/cm-w., respectively.

  • PDF

신라왕경 출토 청동유물에서 확인되는 청동기 제작기술의 변천 (Transitions in Bronze Technology Observed in Bronze Artifacts Excavated from the Shilla Wang-Gyong)

  • 정영동;박장식
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
    • /
    • 제37권
    • /
    • pp.267-284
    • /
    • 2004
  • 본 연구에서는 경주의 신라왕경 유적지에서 출토된 청동유물 8점의 금속학적 미세조직을 분석하여 이들의 제작에 적용된 청동기 기술의 변천과정을 추적하는 작업이 수행 되었다. 그 결과 합금의 조성 면에서는 주석함량이 22%를 지향하여 변화되고 있다는 사실과 의도적으로 납을 제외시킨 흔적이 명백하게 드러났다. 제작기법 면에서는 주조를 근간으로 하되 단순히 주조로만 이루어진 경우와, 주조와 단조 또는 주조와 담금질을 병행한 경우, 그리고 주조와 단조와 담금질을 모두 병행한 경우가 관찰되었다. 한편 비소를 함유하는 유물에서는 주석함량이 비교적 낮게 나타났으며 두드림 작업이 생략되고 있었다. 담금질처리가 수행된 점이나 합금원소에서 납을 제외시킨 점 그리고 비소가 함유된 유물에 두드림이 생략된 점은 모두 당대의 장인들이 합금의 조성과 제작기법 간의 상관관계를 이미 완벽하게 파악하고 있었음을 보여준다. 이러한 처리는 모두 주석함량이 높은 청동기에서 소재의 취성을 낮추기 위하여 필수불가결한 것으로 이를 인식하여 실천할 때에 비로소 청동기 기술체계는 완숙한 단계에 도달한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 본고에서는 왕경 출토 청동기에서 확인되는 다양한 수준의 제작기술을 제시함으로써 이 시기가 우리나라의 청동기 기술수준이 정점에 이르게 되는 변화의 시기였음을 보이고자 한다.

니켈계 초내열합금의 응고 및 용질원소의 편석 거동에 미치는 레늄 및 루테늄 첨가의 영향 (Effect of Re and Ru Addition on the Solidification and Solute Redistribution Behaviors of Ni-Base Superalloys)

  • 서성문;정희원;이재현;유영수;조창용
    • 대한금속재료학회지
    • /
    • 제49권11호
    • /
    • pp.882-892
    • /
    • 2011
  • The influence of rhenium (Re) and ruthenium (Ru) addition on the solidification and solute redistribution behaviors in advanced experimental Ni-base superalloys has been investigated. A series of model alloys with different levels of Re and Ru were designed based on the composition of Ni-6Al-8Ta and were prepared by vacuum arc melting of pure metallic elements. In order to identify the influence of Re and Ru addition on the thermo-physical properties, differential scanning calorimetry analyses were carried out. The results showed that Re addition marginally increases the liquidus temperature of the alloy. However, the ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ solvus was significantly increased at a rate of $8.2^{\circ}C/wt.%$ by the addition of Re. Ru addition, on the other hand, displayed a much weaker effect on the thermo-physical properties or even no effect at all. The microsegregation behavior of solute elements was also quantitatively estimated by an electron probe microanalysis on a sample quenched during directional solidification of primary ${\gamma}$ with the planar solid/liquid interface. It was found that increasing the Re content gradually increases the microsegregation tendency of Re into the dendritic core and ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ forming elements, such as Al and Ta, into the interdendritic area. The strongest effect of Ru addition was found to be Re segregation. Increasing the Ru content up to 6 wt.% significantly alleviated the microsegregation of Re, which resulted in a decrease of Re accumulation in the dendritic core. The influence of Ru on the microstructural stability toward the topologically close-packed phase formation was discussed based on Scheil type calculations with experimentally determined microsegregation results.

멸균 방법에 따른 교정용 플라이어의 물성 변화에 대한 비교 연구 (A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORTHODONTIC PLIERS ACCORDING TO TYPES OF STERILIZATION)

  • 조일제;손우성
    • 대한치과교정학회지
    • /
    • 제28권2호
    • /
    • pp.329-341
    • /
    • 1998
  • 간염이나 AIDS의 영향으로 멸균에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며, 교정 진료실에서도 교정용 플라이어의 멸균이 필요하게 되었다. 제조회사에서는 멸균 과정의 열이 교정용 플라이어에서의 야금학적 변화를 야기하지 않는다고 하지만 교정치과의사들은 가압 증기 멸균기나 대류식 건열 멸균기를 이용하여 반복적으로 멸균을 시행한 경우에 ligature cutter의 날이 쉽게 무디어져서 ligature cutter의 수명이 짧아진다는 것을 임상적 경험으로 알고 있다. 본 연구는 멸균과정이 교정용 플라이어의 물성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 시행되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 교정용 플라이어는 멸균 과정을 견딜 수 있도록 개발했다고 주장하는 AEZ, Unitek과 Dentronix ligature cutter이었고, 멸균기는 대류식 건열 멸균기인 Bowmar RHT-1000과 Dentronix DDS-5000와 가압 증기 멸균기 인 Eschmann SES-2000이었다. 멸균하기 전과 200회와 400회 멸균한 후의 ligature cutter의 날 부위의 표면과 파단면의 상태는 주사 저자 현미경으로, 미세 조직은 광학 현미경으로 관찰하고, micro-Vickers와 Rockwell 경도 시험기로 경도를 측정하고, SEM-EDX로 조성 분석을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 주사 전자 현미경을 이용한 교정용 플라이어의 날 부위의 표면과 파단면의 관찰에 의하면 멸균 횟수의 증가에 따라서 표면 조직에서 검은 반점 형태의 부식 생성물의 수와 크기가 증가하는 경향이 있었으며 파단면의 관찰에서도 멸균 횟수의 증가에 따라서 전형적인 취성 파면인 벽개면의 분포율이 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 부식 현상과 금속 조직의 취성화로 기계적 특성이 저하될 것으로 사료되었다. 2. 광학 현미경을 이용한 미세 조직 사진의 관찰에서도 멸균 횟수의 증가에 따라서 Cr계 탄화물의 수와 크기가 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 금속 조직의 조대화에 따라서 기계적 특성이 저하된 것으로 생각되었다. 3. 교정용 플라이어의 날 부위의 경도는 멸균 횟수의 증가에 따라서 감소되었는데 경도의 감소는 멸균에 의한 부식생성물과 표면 조직의 변화에 따른 것으로 생각되었다. 4. SEM-EDX를 이용한 조성 분석의 결과에 의하면 AEZ과 Unitek ligature cutter는 Fe-Cr계 stainless steel이었고, Dentronix ligature cutter는 Co-Cr계 합금이었는데, 제조 회사에 따라서 금속의 조성은 달랐지만 멸균 전후의 비교에서는 큰 차이가 없었다. 5. 반복적으로 멸균을 하면서 실제 임상에서 사용한 교정용 플라이어의 날의 표면 조직을 주사 전자 현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 미세 균열을 발견할 수 있었다.

  • PDF

니켈계 초합금 CMSX 6 단결정 주조조직의 석출물구조 분석 (Structural analysis of Precipitates in a Nickel based Cast Single Crystal of CMSX 6)

  • 안성욱;;;김수철;임옥동;김승호;진영훈;최종수;이재훈;이상준;서동이;이태훈;허무영
    • 한국재료학회지
    • /
    • 제8권12호
    • /
    • pp.1165-1169
    • /
    • 1998
  • 제1세대 니켈계 단결정 초합금인 CMSX 6를 사용하여 셀렉타법으로 진공 정밀주조하여 단결정을 제작하였다. 주형온도 약 150$0^{\circ}C$, 주입온도 약 163$0^{\circ}C$와 용탕 주입 직후 주형을 2.5mm/분 속도로 하강시켜 단결정을 성장시켰다. 단결정 주조조직에서 기지와 공정조직은 ${\gamma}$' 석출물(Ni$_3$(Al, Ti)) 모양과 크기에 따라 각각 모두 두영역으로 구분되었으며, 공정조직의 Ti함랗은 기지보다 높았다. 즉, EPMA 및 CBED 분석 등으로 ${\gamma}$' 석출물을 분석한 결과, 기지내의 ${\gamma}$'은 크기가 0.5~0.7$\mu\textrm{m}$ 이하이며 화학조성상 Ni$_3$Al에 가까웠으며 격자구조도 Ll$_2$를 나타내었다. 반면에 공정조직에 가까울수록 ${\gamma}$' 크기는 1.0$\mu\textrm{m}$보다 컸으며, 모양도 판상형의 거대한 모양으로 바뀌었다. 화학조성 또한 Ni$_3$Ti에 가까웠으며 격자구조도 D $O_{24}$를 나타내었으므로 수지상과 공정조직의 ${\gamma}$' 석출물은 화학조성 및 격자구조가 상이함을 알 수 있었다.

  • PDF

Efficient Red-Color Emission of InGaN/GaN Double Hetero-Structure Formed on Nano-Pyramid Structure

  • 고영호;김제형;공수현;김주성;김택;조용훈
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
    • /
    • pp.174-175
    • /
    • 2012
  • (In, Ga) N-based III-nitride semiconductor materials have been viewed as the most promising materials for the applications of blue and green light emitting devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes. Although the InGaN alloy can have wide range of visible wavelength by changing the In composition, it is very hard to grow high quality epilayers of In-rich InGaN because of the thermal instability as well as the large lattice and thermal mismatches. In order to avoid phase separation of InGaN, various kinds of structures of InGaN have been studied. If high-quality In-rich InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures are available, it is expected to achieve highly efficient phosphor-free white LEDs. In this study, we proposed a novel InGaN double hetero-structure grown on GaN nano-pyramids to generate broad-band red-color emission with high quantum efficiency. In this work, we systematically studied the optical properties of the InGaN pyramid structures. The nano-sized hexagonal pyramid structures were grown on the n-type GaN template by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. SiNx mask was formed on the n-type GaN template with uniformly patterned circle pattern by laser holography. GaN pyramid structures were selectively grown on the opening area of mask by lateral over-growth followed by growth of InGaN/GaN double hetero-structure. The bird's eye-view scanning electron microscope (SEM) image shows that uniform hexagonal pyramid structures are well arranged. We showed that the pyramid structures have high crystal quality and the thickness of InGaN is varied along the height of pyramids via transmission electron microscope. Because the InGaN/GaN double hetero-structure was grown on the nano-pyramid GaN and on the planar GaN, simultaneously, we investigated the comparative study of the optical properties. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of nano-pyramid sample and planar sample measured at 10 K. Although the growth condition were exactly the same for two samples, the nano-pyramid sample have much lower energy emission centered at 615 nm, compared to 438 nm for planar sample. Moreover, nano-pyramid sample shows broad-band spectrum, which is originate from structural properties of nano-pyramid structure. To study thermal activation energy and potential fluctuation, we measured PL with changing temperature from 10 K to 300 K. We also measured PL with changing the excitation power from 48 ${\mu}W$ to 48 mW. We can discriminate the origin of the broad-band spectra from the defect-related yellow luminescence of GaN by carrying out PL excitation experiments. The nano-pyramid structure provided highly efficient broad-band red-color emission for the future applications of phosphor-free white LEDs.

  • PDF

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국재료학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회
    • /
    • pp.14-14
    • /
    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

  • PDF