• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.167-178
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• 2011

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has long history of reputed value and actual use for its medicinal, antimicrobial and pesticidal properties. This study was conducted to find possible developments to natural food preservatives and natural antimicrobials from garlic extracts. The antimicrobial activities of raw garlic extract, heat, pH, temperature against pathogenic bacteria were investigated. E. coli, S. Enteritidis, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus exhibited antimicrobial activities at 20% garlic extract, but no antimicrobial activity was seen in E. faecium. Raw garlic extract and garlic extract heated for 2 min at $95^{\circ}C$ showed strong antimicrobial activities, but the antimicrobial activity of garlic extract heated for 10 min at $95^{\circ}C$ was much less. The antimicrobial activities of 50% garlic extract adjusted pH 4.0~7.0 showed much the same, but the antimicrobial activities decreased at pH 8.0 or higher. The antimicrobial activities by storage $-18^{\circ}C$ of garlic extract showed much the same. When five strains were cultured for 72 hr at $35^{\circ}C$ in the TSB containing 1~10% garlic extract, viable cell number of five strains were decreased to $10^0{\sim}10^4$ CFU/ml even at 1% or 2.5% (E. faecium) after 24 hr, but later increased to $10^4{\sim}10^9$ CFU/ml after 72 hr. When five strains were cultured for 21 day at $4^{\circ}C$ in the TSB containing 1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% garlic extract, viable cell number of E. coli, S. Enteritidis, and S. aureus were decreased to $10^3$, $10^0{\sim}10^2$, $10^1{\sim}10^4$ CFU/ml after 21 day, respectively, but L. monocytogenes and E. faecium increased to $10^8$ and $10^6$ CFU/ml after 21 day.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.388-393
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• 1982

Lipids extracted from two garlic samples (Allium sativum Linnaeus) were studied. Total lipid content of the samples ranged from 310 to 342mg/100g of fresh garlic. These lipids were shown to consist of $36.4{\sim}43.5%$ neutral lipids, $20.3{\sim}24.3%$ glycolipids, and $36.2{\sim}39.3%$ phospholipids. Among the neutral lipids, triglycerides were predominant $(80.5{\sim}83.6%)$ with smaller amounts of free sterols, free fatty acids, and sterol esters being present. 1, 2-Diacylglycerol acetates, 1, 3-diacylglycerol acetates and cholesterol acetates were also tentatively identified. Esterified steryl glycosides and steryl glycosides were major sugar-containing lipids, but monogalactosyl diglycerides, cerebrosides, digalactosyl diglycerides and sulfolipids were relatively minor components. Of the phospholipids, phosphatidyl cholines and serines, and phosphatidyl ethanolamines were the major components, comprising over 85% of this class. Phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl inositols were also present. The major fatty acids in the total and three lipid classes were linoleic, palmitic, oleic and linolenic acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.459-473
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• 2021

Purpose: Although numerous systematic reviews or meta-analysis have reported the hypotensive effects of garlic, the application of these results in the area of functional food is limited. This is because the trials used various garlic preparations and patients with differing hypertensive intensities. To validate the use of garlic powder as a blood pressure lowering functional food, we performed the current meta-analysis, focusing on the study of prehypertensive subjects. Methods: Literature search was carried out using various database up to July 2020, including PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and Korean studies Information Service System, and each study was screened by pre-stated inclusion/exclusion criteria. We identified nine trials that met the eligibility, of which two studies with moderate or high risk of bias were excluded. Results: Meta-analysis of the seven studies revealed that an intake of garlic powder significantly lowered the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by -6.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], -11.2, -0.8; p = 0.025) and -2.7 mmHg (95% CI, -5.3, -0.1; p = 0.046), respectively. Shapes of the funnel plot for both SBP and DBP seemed symmetrical, and the Egger's regression revealed no publication bias. Moreover, duration of the intervention period was inversely associated with the pooled effects of garlic powder on SBP (p = 0.019) and DBP (p = 0.019), and this result was supported by the subgroup-analysis. The daily dose of garlic powder, baseline value of each biomarker, and subject number, did not moderate the effects on SBP and DBP. Conclusion: Results of the present meta-analysis indicate that garlic powder supplements are superior to placebo for improving the BP in prehypertensive individuals.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Globally, large amounts of phosphogypsum (PG), which is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer production, is deposited in open areas. As PG contains calcium, phosphate, and sulphate, it can be used as a soil amendment in farmlands. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of PG application on properties of field soil and yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.), and to seek appropriate level of PG application into the field. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was conducted by applying PG at four different levels that were adjusted based on 65% calcium base saturation in the field soil: 0% (control), 50% (PG50, 100 kg/10a), 100% (PG100, 200 kg/10a), and 150% (PG150, 300 kg/10a). Following cultivation, soil electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter, available P and exchangeable Ca increased, whilst soil pH decreased. With increase in PG application level, soil EC and exchangeable Ca increased. PG application increased concentrations of water soluble Ca and SO4 across the soil profile, especially in PG150. The highest yield of garlic was found in PG100 treatment. The plant's uptake for N, P, Ca, and S increased by PG applications, but that for K decreased. Moreover, concentrations of S-related amino acids such as cysteine and methionine in garlic increased by PG applications. The increased content of nutrients and amino acids with PG supply might improve yield, quality, and favor of the crop. CONCLUSION: Overall, PG application at 200 kg/10a into a field had the best effect on improving soil fertility as well as yield and quality of garlic. Further studies are required to maximize efficiencies of PG supply in soil management and production of various crops.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2001

Ethanol extracts from 36 vegetable samples were assayed for their growth-promoting effects on Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, and Lactobacillus casei The growth-promoting effects varied according to bacterial strain and vegetable species. In modified Gy rgy broth, extracts of Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum and L escutentum var. cerasiforme exhibited strong growth-promoting responses toward B. longum, and significant and strong growth- promoting response toward B. bifidum was observed in extracts of Actinidia arguta, Allium cepa, A. sativum, Brassica campestris subsp. napus vats. pekinensis, Capsicum frutescens, Daucus carota var. sativa, L sativa, 1. esculentum and L. esculentum var. cerasforme, Nelumbo nucifera, Cucurbita moschata, Lackca sativa var. capitata, and Rubus coreanus. For L casei, extracts of A. fshlosum, A. hberosum, Cichorium intbus, Cucurbita moschat\ulcorner Ipomoea batatas, 1. sativa var. capitata, L. esculentum, P. brachycarpa, Raphanus sativus, R. coreanus, and S. melongena strongly enhanced the growth of this bacteria. In modified Gy rgy broth, the promoting effect was most pronounced with B. bifidum and L. casei among lactic acid bacteria used. In MRS broth, A. arguta, A. cepa, A. sativum, B. campestris subsp. napus var. pekinensis, C. frutescens, and D. carota var. sativa L. satiw var. capitata, and R. coreanus strongly enhanced the growth of B. bifidum, Growth of B. longum was strongly affected by the addition of extracts from L. sativa var. capitata. For L casei, moderate growth-promoting responses were observed in 9 vegetable extracts. The promoting effect in MRS broth was most pronounced with B. bifidum among lactic acid bacteria used.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 2000

Antibacterial activities of edible plant extracts were investigated to develop natural antimicrobial agents protecting horticultural products from spoiling-microorganisms during their storage. Crude extracts of Artemisa capillaris Allium tuberosum Ailanthus altissima Zanthoxylum pieperitum Pinus densiflora Morus alba lxeris dentata and Allium sativum showed remarkable antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli K 12 and Bacillus subtilis KCTC 1028 After solvent extraction of the crude extracts with n-hexane ethyl acetate chloroform and water in sequence each fractions was re-examined for the antbacterial activities. As results the ethyl acetate fractions of A. capillaris Aaltissima, P. densiflora and I. dentata and all fractions of Z. piperitum and A. sativium showed relatively strong antibacterial activities against E. coli and B. subtilis and the ethyl acetate fraction of A. altissima was the strongest(6mm and 7mm respectively) against two strawberry-spoiling bacteria isolated and identified at our laboratory as Staphylococcus sp. TG-101 and Staphylococcus sp. TG-102.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.418-429
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of lyophilized extracts of scallions (Allium fistulosum L., SLE), garlic (Allium sativum, GLE), and gold kiwi (Actinidia chinensis, GKE) and their effects on the quality of chicken breast meat inoculated with L. monocytogenes during storage for 9 days at $4^{\circ}C$. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (25 and 100 mg/mL, respectively) against L. monocytogenes were observed for SLE and GLE, respectively. GKE had the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) for 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging activity (5.06 mg/mL). The pH values of meat inoculated with L. monocytogenes and dipped in 1% SLE (LSLE), 1% GLE (LGLE), or 1% GKE (LGKE) were lower than that of the control on day 3 of storage (p<0.05). The initial population of L. monocytogenes in meat was 4.95-5.01 Log CFU/g. However, the population in the LSLE (5.73 Log CFU/g) was lower than that in the control (6.23 Log CFU/g) on day 5 (p<0.05). The volatile basic nitrogen value of the LSLE (19.90 mg/100 g) was lower than that of the control (24.38 mg/100 g) on day 7 (p<0.05). Moreover, treatment with SLE resulted in the maintenance of meat quality and reduced the population of L. monocytogenes on the meat. Thus, SLE may be used as an alternative natural and environmentally friendly sanitizer for reducing L. monocytogenes contamination in the chicken meat industry.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2000

The activity of promoter sequences was evaluated in garlic cells using the $\beta$-glucuronidase (GUS) gene as a reporter. Histochemical GUS assay indicated transient GUS activity in leaf, callus and root cells 48 hours after particle bombardment transformation. Quantitative fluorometric assays in extracts of transformed leaves demonstrated that the CsVMV promoter induced the highest level of gene expression, which was, on average, ten fold the level induced by CaMV35S and by the Arabidopsis Act2 promoters and two fold the level expression observed with a construct containing a double CaMV35S plus the untranslated leader sequence from AMV. No activity or very low levels were observed when cells were transformed with plasmids rontaining the typical monocot promoters, Actl, from rice or the Ubi-1, from maize. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) was also tested as a marker gene for garlic transformation. Intense fluorescence was observed in leaf, callus and root cells transformed with a construct containing the gfp gene under control of the CaMV35 Promoter. No fluorescence was detected when the gfp was under control of the Ubi-1 promoter.

• Mycobiology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.121-133
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• 2008

Aspergillus niger isolated from Allium sativum was used at large scale fermentation (150 mg flavone/200ml medium) to obtain suitable amounts of the products, efficient for identification. Then spectral analysis (UV, IR, $^1H$-NMR, $^{13}C$-NMR) and mass spectrometry were performed for the two products, which contributed to the identification process. The metabolite (1) was identified as 2'-hydroxydihydrochalcone, and the metabolite (2) was identified as 2'-hydroxyphenylmethylketone, which were more active than flavone itself. Antioxidant activities of the two isolated metabolites were tested compared with ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity of metabolite (1) was recorded 64.58% which represented 79% of the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid, and metabolite (2) was recorded 54.16% (67% of ascorbic acid activity). However, the antioxidant activity of flavone was recorded 37.50% which represented 46% of ascorbic acid activity. The transformed products of flavone have anti-microbial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans, with MIC was recorded $250{\mu}g/ml$ for metabolite (2) against all three organism and 500, 300, and $300{\mu}g/ml$ for metabolite (1) against tested microorganisms (P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumonia, Fusarium moniliforme, A. flavus, Saccharomyces cerviceae, Kluveromyces lactis and C. albicans) at this order.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.68-72
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• 2016

To examine the possibility of using thiacremonone isolated from high-temperature-high-pressure treated garlic, this study investigated the physiological activities properties. The $IC_{50}$ values of hydroxyl, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities of thiacremonone were 92.50, 65.05, 12.60, and $81.53{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. On the other hand, the activities of vitamin C were 104.93, 99.43, 42.42, and $122.64{\mu}g/mL$, and the activities of butylated hydroxyanisole were 37.22, 68.45, 22.47, and $40.54{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ value of ACE inhibition activities of thiacremonone and captoprill were 0.265 and $0.036{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ value of xanthine oxidase inhibition activities of thiacremonone and allopurinol were 39.430 and $9.346{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ value of tyrosinase inhibition activities of thiacremonone and kojic acid were 101.931 and $65.648{\mu}g/mL$, respectively.