• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.145-149
• /
• 1995

For the purpose of developing a new biodegradable detergent, we have isolated a gene encoding wide-range temperature applicable alkaline protease from Xanthomonas sp. YL-37 (Lee et al., 1994, Kor. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.). An alkaline protease gene was isolated from the gene bank that was prepared from the chromosomal DNA of Xanthomonas sp. YL-37. From the results of agarose gel electrophoresis and a restriction enzyme mapping, a 2.7 kb DNA fragment containing the alkaline protease gene was inserted in the plasmid pUC9. Extracellular activity of a clone having alkaline protease gene was detected on SDS-polyacrylamide gel with activity staining assay. The molecular weight of alkaline protease was determined to be about 64 kDa from 11% SDS-PAGE analysis. Alkaline protease activity, produced from E. coli which harboring the plasmid, showed no difference at reaction temperature 20, 30 and 40$\circ$C, respectively. This result showed that alkaline protease produced from E. coli harboring the plasmid was apparently the same as that of Xanthomonas sp. YL-37.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.376-381
• /
• 1995

Thermus caldophilus GK24 was selected as sources of thermostable alkaline phosphatase from a survey of extreme thermophile. T. caldophilus GK24 was tested for production of alkaline phosphatase by addition of various concentration of sodium glutamate, bactotryptone, glucose and yeast extract to basal salts. Sodium glutamate was found to be effective for the alkaline phosphatase induction. The optimal induction medium for production of alkaline phosphatase involves the addition of 0.3% sodium glutamate, 0.2% bactotryptone and 0.5% glucose to basal salts. The activity of the enzyme in optimal induction medium increased nearly 6-fold/ml than basal medium and 27.5-fold/ml than standard medium. T. caldophilus GK24 alkaline phosphatase was found to be inducible. When starved of inorganic phosphate, T. caldophilus GK24 produces the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The addition of inorganic phosphate to growth medium had a repressive effect on enzyme synthesis.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.167-176
• /
• 1974

The authors have studied the distribution of alkaline phosphatase in the pharynx, esophagus, stomach (or intestinal bulb), anterior and posterior portions of intestine of three kinds of fishes. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Alkaline phosphatase activity of basal cells in the pharyngeal epithelium of loach and snakehead fish showed moderately positive reaction, and basal cells in the esophagel epithelium of loach and eel showed also moderately positive reaction. 2. Goblet cells of pharynx, esophagus, intestinal bulb and intestinal mucosa, and gastric glandular cells of the above fishes showed negative reaction for alkaline phosphatase. 3. Strongly positive reaction for alkaline phosphatase was observed at both intestinal bulb and the free border of intestinal epithelium, but weak positive reaction at the free border of posterior portion of loach intestine.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.85-90
• /
• 2005

The effect of sodium acetate to reduce the fiber damage and hardening of acetate fabrics during alkaline treatment is studied. The optimal condition is controlled concentration 2%, at $50^{\circ}C$ for 6 minutes and at $70^{\circ}C$ for 2 minutes through the result of weight loss, shrinkage and tensile strength. Alkaline treated acetate fabrics under optimal condition show softer than untreated acetate fabrics. Alkaline treatment with sodium acetate brings the reduction in hardening and shrinkage in internal fiber of acetate fabric. Also, alkaline treatment with sodium acetate improves the tensile strength of acetate fabrics compared with only alkaline treatment. The moisture regain of acetate fabrics is also improved by alkaline treatment under optimal condition.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to present basic data for the enzymatic modification of acetate fabrics. The weight loss and rate of weight loss of acetate fabrics increased with increasing NaOH concentration and treating time. Acetyl value decreased as the weight loss became higher. The weight loss of alkaline-treated acetate fabrics were directly proportional to the concentration and treating time of cellulase. The optimum temperature and pH in cellulase treatment were $55^\circ{C}$ and pH 3.5. The surface shape revealed that density of fiber decreased by alkaline-treatment. With the treating time of cellulase, fibrillation occurred. In case of higher weight loss in alkaline treatment, fibril is removed after 180 min. The tensile strength decreased by alkaline and cellulase treatment. Especially, in case of higher weight loss of alkaline treatment, tensile strength decreased suddenly. Alkaline treatment increased the drapability of acetates, while cellulase treatment increased it initially but decreased gradually with treatment time. The dyeability after alkaline treatment was improved for reactive dye, but deteriorated for disperse dye. The cellulase treatment of acetate lowered the dyeability for both types of dyes.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.177-184
• /
• 1974

The cobalt capture method of Gomori's modified technique(Gomori, 1952) was employed to study the histochemistry of the developing frog kidney. Alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in association with the brush borders of pronephros and mesonephros. By the stage of transition from larva to tadpole alkaline phosphatase activity was gradually increased in the brush border of pronephros, and as the pronephros begun to degenerate the enzyme activity was decreased and disappeared. By the time of maximum development of the pronephros the mesonephros began to develop and alkaline phosphatase activity of the mesonephric tubules showed highly positive throughout the stage of metamorphosis. No activity was observed in association with the collecting tubules and ductal elements.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.211-218
• /
• 1988

Polyhedral proteins and the endogenous alkaline protease associated with larval-derived polyhedra of nuclear viruses isolated from Spodoptera litura, Bombyx mori, and Hyphantria cunea were investigated. Polyhedral proteins prepared under alkaline protease heat-inactivated condition were separated as one band with 31Kd in S. litura a H. cunea NpV and 30Kd in B. mori NPV by the SDS-polyacrylamide gel electroptoresis. Whereas polyhedral proteins without heat-inactivation were degraded into smaller polypeptides with a certain pattern in alkaline solution. The results of double-immunodiffusion and western blot analysis with antisera against polyhedral proteins indicated that those three polyhedral proteins had common antigenic determinants and the degradation of polyhedral proteins by alkaline protease could be confirmed.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 1998

To examine the possibility of protein recycling of shaving scraps containing chromium generated from manufacturing process of leather, the optimum hydrolysis conditions and the withdrawal methods of low molecular weight protein for using the liquid fertilizer sources by investigation of solubilities of hydrolyzed protein, inorganic nutrients contents and molecular weight distributions of hydrolyzed protein from shaving scraps treated with mixed alkaline inducing agents and mixed alkaline proteolytic enzymes including MgO were investigated. In hydrolysis of shaving scraps treated with mixed alkaline inducing agents, the solubility of shaving scraps were clearly different with 65~85% according to the sorts of the inducing agents, and the degree of hydrolysis was high in the order of NaOH, $Ca(OH)_2$ and KOH. The average molecular weights of withdrawal hydrolyzed protein were 10, 40 and 80 KD treated with NaOH, $Ca(OH)_2$ and KOH, respectively. And the chromium contents was about 15 ppm. In hydrolysis of shaving scraps treated with mixed alkaline proteolytic enzymes, the bility of shaving scraps were high in the order of alcalase, esperase and savinase. In c of treating 0.5% alcalase, the low molecular weight of hydrolyzed protein could be withdrawn. The solubility of the hydrolyzed protein was about 85%, the average molecular weight of the protein was below 1 KD and chrome content of the protein was below 10 ppm.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.56-60
• /
• 2016

Neutral or alkaline papermaking provides many advantages in paper strength and processing conditions. It also provides the opportunity of using calcium carbonate fillers in papermaking. These diverse advantages have made almost all paper machines of printing and writing papers run under neutral and alkaline conditions. On the other hand, linerboard machines, which use recycled papers as a raw material, are running under acid conditions using a rosin sizing system. Because the recycled raw materials used by the linerboard industry contain significant amounts of alkaline papers, the linerboard industry has an interest in the possibility of using the neutral or alkaline papermaking opportunity. In this study, the compatibility of the recycled linerboards under neutral or alkaline papermaking conditions was examined by recycling them under various pH conditions. The sizing degree of the papers recycled under neutral or alkaline was significantly lower than that of acid formed papers indicating that during the neutral or alkaline recycling process the rosin sized papers lost their sizing efficiency. Recycling of acid formed linerboards under neutral or alkaline conditions increased the amount of foam, and the foam contained substantial amount of solid materials derived from the acid sizing systems. Use of cationic polyelectrolytes including PEI and poly-DADMAC improved the sizing degree of the recycled papers under neutral and alkaline conditions. PEI decreased the foam generation as well while poly-DADMAC did not show any reducing effect of the foam. These results suggest that PEI forms coordinate bonds with rosin acid and precipitate them onto the surface of recycled fibers, while the reaction products between poly-DADMAC and rosin acid ions still remain water soluble under neutral or alkaline conditions.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.544-549
• /
• 1995

The alkaline elastase is an extracellular serine protease of the alkalophilic Bacillus strain Ya-B. To increase the gene copy number and the production level of the alkaline elastase Ya-B, we designed, on the B. subtilis chromosome, a gene amplification of the 10.6 kb repeating unit containing amyE, aleE (alkaline elastase Ya-B gene) and tmrB. The aleE was inserted between amyE and tmrB, and B. subtilis APT119 strain was transformed with this amyE-aleE-tmrB-junction region fragment. As a result, we succeeded in obtaining tunicamycin-resistant (Tm$^{r}$) transformants (Tf-1, Tf-2) in which the designed gene amplification of 10.6 kb occurred in chromosome. The transformants showed high productivity of $\alpha $-amylase and alkaline elastase Ya-B. The copy number of the repeating unit (amyE-aleE-tmrB) was estimated to be 25, but plasmid vector (pUC19) was not integrated. The amplified aleE of chromosome was more stable than that of plasmid in absence of antibiotics.