• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.74-84
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the papermaking characteristics of paper mulberry(Broussonetia kazinoki) for new Korean traditional paper(Hanji). Hanji has been traditionally made only with the bast fiber of paper mulberry. Besides mulberry bast part, wood core was utilized separately or in mixed forms as raw materials for the new Hanji. Hanjis made from the solfomethylated pulp were shown higher brightness and sheet strengths than those from alkali and alkali-hydrogen peroxide pulps. The brightness of solfomethylated pulp was found to be high enough not to need additional bleaching. In the physical properties of the Hanjis mixed with bast part and wood core pulps, the handsheet strengths were decreased as the increase of the wood core pulp contents. But the sheet strengths of Hanjis containing 10∼30% of wood core pulps were higher than those of the Hanji containing bast part pulp only. The sheet formations were improved as the increase of wood core pulp contents, while the sheet strengths were decreased.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 1998

Traditionally, Hanji had been made only with the bast fiber of paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki). Nowadays, Hanji has been made mainly in the mixed forms of paper mulberry bast fiber and waste paper, and consequently it has raised many problems using them. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of Hanji mixed with paper mulberry bast part and whole stalk pulps. Hanjis made from the solfomethylated pulp were shown higher brightness and sheet strengths than those from alkali and alkali-hydrogen peroxide pulps. The brightness of solfomethylated pulp was found to be high enough not to need additional bleaching. The sheet formations were improved as the increase of whole stalk pulp contents, while the sheet strengths were decreased. In the physical properties of the Hanji mixed with bast part and whole stalk pulps, the handsheet strengths were decreased as the increase of the whole stalk pulp contents. The tensile strength and folding endurance of the Hanji containing 40∼60% of whole stalk pulps were higher as compared to the others.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.96-104
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• 1999

Anatomical and chemical properties of three mulberry species (Morus spp) were analyzed as an alternative row material for the paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki) . The pulping and papermaing characteristics of bast fiber and whole stalks by three different pulping processes, conventional alkali, alkali-hydrogen peroxide, and sulfomethylated, for the Hanji were investigated. The fiber dimension of M.bombycis was the biggest of the species. The fiber length of upper part and the fiber width and cell wall thickness of lower part were bigger than the others. The extractives and ash contents of bast fiber were higher than those of whole stalk , and holocellulose and lignin contents of whole stalk were higher than those of bast fiber. The pulp yields of M.alba bast fiber, M.bombycis whole stalk, and sufomethylated pulping were higher than the others.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.4 no.1 s.4
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• pp.43-52
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the papermaking characteristics for New Hanji (Korean Paper) products from paper mulberries by new pulping processes. So far wood ash extractives or NaOH only have been used for cooking chemicals at the atmospheric condition. Also bast fibers only have been used as raw materials for Hanji, In this study, as the alternatives to the conventional cooking, alkali, alkali-peroxide and sulfomethylated cookings were applied at the pressurized condition for Hanji pulping, Also bast fibers, woody parts and whole woods are attempting for being utilize as new raw materials for special Hanji. Anatomical and chemical properties of 3 paper mulberry species and their pulping characteristics were analyzed.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.36-45
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• 1997

Newly bleaching sequence using oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide has introduced to avoid pollution hazards from chlorinated organic compounds, because chlorine dioxide substitution bleaching was produced a little chlorinated organic substance. Oxygen-type chemicals replaced for chlorine has attracted much research attention. Bleachability of ozone was improved at low temperature and high pulp consistency. In third bleaching followed OZ bleaching, addition of O2 and NaBH4 in alkali extraction was effective than only alkali extraction. Bleachability of pulps in ozone bleaching(Z) was improved at higher consistency and lower temperature The addition O2 and NaBH4 in alkali extraction after OZ bleaching sequence improved brightness, when compared to those obtained by only alkaline extraction. Pulps bleached by ECF bleaching sequences such as OZEoD and OZEopD was obtained by 90% ISO brightness. The brightness of pulp bleached by TCF sequences with the ozone dosage of 1.6% was approached to target brightness (88~90%ISO). Pulps bleached Z stage combined bleaching sequence was reduced the viscosity to a little greater extent. However, physical properties of pulps was not great different compared to those bleached by conventional bleaching sequences. A pollution index of bleaching effluente by ozone combined bleaching sequences was lower than by conventional bleaching sequence, but somewhat higher than multistage bleaching sequences combined C/D stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1610-1613
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• 2003

The aim of the experiment was to study the changes in the activities of various rumen fibre degrading enzymes due to the feeding of chemically treated mustard (Brassica campestris) straw in sheep. Mustard straw (MS) (<5 cm particle size) was treated either with urea (4% (w/w), or with 2% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (2% NaOH and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)) and/or supplemented with 2% (w/w) urea. Seven maintenance type rations were prepared using MS (70 parts) with molasses (5 parts) and concentrate (25 parts). They were untreated MS (CMS), urea treated MS (UMS), urea supplemented MS (MSUS), alkali treated MS (AMS), alkali treated and urea supplemented MS (AMS-US), alkali $H_2O_2$ treated MS (AHMS) and alkali $H_2O_2$ treated and urea supplemented MS (AHMS-US). They were then compressed into a complete feed block with the help of block making machine. Forty two male hoggets of Malpura breed sheep were equally distributed into each treatment group and (were) offered feed and water ad libitum. At the end of 21 days of feeding trial, rumen liquor was collected through stomach tube from three animals in each group at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h of post feeding. Results showed that the level of enzyme varied from 8.52 to 11.12, 40.85 to 50.37, 3.22 to 3.78, 2.09 to 2.77 and 31.44 to 44.24 units/100 ml SRL respectively for carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), $\alpha$-amylase, microcrystalline cellulase (MCCase), filter paper (FP) degrading enzyme and $\alpha$-glucosidase. Processing of MS affected the enzyme activities, in a way, that NaOH and AHP treatment significantly reduced CMCase and FP degrading enzyme. The effect of urea treatment showed an increase in the activity of MCCase and $\alpha$-glucosidase. But the supplementation of urea increased the activity of CMCase, FP degrading enzyme and $\alpha$-glucosidase. The CMCase, $\alpha$-amylase, $\alpha$-glucosidase activities were highest at 4hr whereas MCCase and FP degrading enzyme had maximum activities at 12 h post feeding Results suggested that MS might need longer time in the rumen for its effective degradation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.284-289
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• 1993

The effect of oil refining processes-degumming, alkali-refining, bleaching and deodorizing-on oil characteristics and oxidation stability of sesame oil were investigated. The colors(L, a, b) of samples were markedly changed and their peroxide and acid values were decreased, while the other characteristics of samples were not changed during refining stages. The L values of alkali-refined, bleached and deodorized sesame oils were largely decreased and their a values were increased due to browning reaction during the storage at $70^{\circ}C$. The colors of crude and degmmed sesame oils were very stable and their peroxide, free fatty acid and conjugated dienoic acid values were slowly increased. Volatile carbonyl compounds formed by oxidation were increased during the storage at $70^{\circ}C$. The results indicated that refining processes did not affect the sesame oil characteristics but decreased the oxidation stability of sesame oil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 1985

The alkali refined rice bran oil (ARBO) and the esterified rice bran oil (ERBO) with glycerol were compared for their thermal stabilities at $150^{\circ}C$ and $180^{\circ}C$, respectively. The acid value gradually increased in ARBO during heating period but increased slowly in ERBO-2 and declined gradually in ERBO-1. The peroxide value was somewhat fluctuated during heating period, and the maximum peroxide value in all samples was 13.3 meq/kg. TBA value was sharply increased for the first 10 hr. heating and slowed down thereafter for all samples but ERBO were intensely colored after the heat treatment. The TG ratio of the oils after 90 hr. heating was not different at $150^{\circ}C$ but ERBO was 2-7% higher ratio of TG than ARBO at $180^{\circ}C$. The oxidative stability of ARBO was twice higher than ERBO according to the result of active oxygen test.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 1999.04b
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• pp.254-258
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• 1999

The distribution of anionic groups in the fibers, the fines, the colloidal fraction and the dissolved fraction, respectively, of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) suspensions was determined and peroxide bleaching of spruce TMP were also studied. Spruce TMP was extracted with hexane, treated with alkali, or bleached with peroxide. Suspensions made at pH 5.5 were fractionated into long fibres, large fines, small fines, a colloidal fraction and a dissolved fraction. The charge of the fractions was determined using polyelectrolyte titration. To determined the origin of the charges, the contents of fatty acids, resin acids and acidic units in hemicelluloses in the different fractions were determined by has chromatography. Extraction of TMP with hexane prior to fractionation increased the measured charge of the fibres. The removal of the wood resin probably uncovered some carboxyl groups on the fibre surfaces, or improved th e penetration of polybrene into the pores of the fibres. The charge of the fines and the colloidal fraction was lower when the wood resin had been removed. Alkaline treatment of the TMP increased the charge of the fibres and fines, mainly because of demethylation of pectins. Alkaline treatment increased the charge also of the dissolved fraction, because of the release the charge also of the dissolved fraction, because of the release of pectic acids into the water phase. Alkaline peroxide bleaching further increased the charge of fibres and the dissolved fraction, most likely because of lignin oxidation. The charge of the colloidal fraction, consisting mainly of wood resin, was only slightly affected by alkaline treatment and peroxide bleaching. The anionic groups in TMP suspensions were mainly free uronic acids in the hemicelluloses. The contribution from the fatty and resin acids was substantial only for the colloidal fraction.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.84-92
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• 1999

Excellence of the Korean traditional paper(Hanji) can be proved by literatures and legacies handed down from generations. However, with the problems pertaining to a majority of traditional manufactures, Hanji industry was declined because of low productivity, insufficient supply of raw material , and reduced demand. therefore, modernizxation of the Hanji technology and development of new uses are very important. This study was carried to investigated the papermaking characteristics of Morus spp.(M.alba, M.Bombycis, and M.Ihou) for new Hanji, modernize manufacturing process of Hanji by grafting on developed modern pulping and papermaking technology, develop the various uses, and establish the foundation for development of high value-added products. Hanji is made from M.Ihou, while stalk , and sulfomethylated pulp gave better sheet formation and higher brightness than those of the others. Physical properties of Hanji which made from bast fiber pulps were better than those of whole stalk pulps. Hanji which made from M.bombycis bast fiber and whole stalk pulps were not so good sheet strength as other species. Sulfomethylated whole stalk pulps were shown better sheet strength than alkali and alkali-hydrogen peroxide whole stalk pulps.