• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.411-418
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• 2007

솔잎 열수추출물이 카드뮴으로 유도한 흰쥐의 산화적 손상에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 체중 kg당 5mg의 카드뮴$(CdCl_2)$을 매주 1회 경구투여하였다. 솔잎은 매일 일정시각에 체중 kg당 1.26g수준이 되도록 4주간 경구투여 사육한 결과 카드뮴과 솔잎 열수추출은 체중에는 영향을 미치지 않았으며 솔잎 열수추출물은 식이섭취량을 감소시켰다. 체중 100g당 간조직 무게는 카드뮴 대조군이 정상군에 비하여 유의적으로 증가하였으며 솔잎 열수추출물은 간조직 무게를 감소시키는 경향이었다 혈장 중의 AST와 ALT활성은 카드뮴 투여에 의해 유의적으로 증가되었으나 솔잎 열수추출물에 의해 ALT활성이 카드뮴 대조군에 비하여 유의적으로 감소되었다. 혈장 알부민 함량은 실험군간의 차이가 없었으나 크레아티닌 함량은 솔잎 열수추출물 급여시 낮았다. 카드뮴 투여시 간조직의 CYP함량은 유의적으로 감소되었으며 솔잎 열수추출물에 의한 영향은 없었다. 한편 XO와 ADH활성은 솔잎 열수추출물군이 정상군과 카드뮴 대조군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다. 또한 카드뮴 투여에 인해 유의적으로 높아진 SOD, MAO, CAT 및 GSH-Px 활성도는 솔잎 열수추출물에 의해 정상수준으로 회복되었다. 간조직 중의 글루타티온 함량은 솔잎 열수추출물 급여에 의한 차이가 발견되지 않았으나 MDA함량은 솔잎 열수추출물 급여군에서 카드뮴 대조군에 비하여 유의적인 감소를 보임으로써 카드뮴에 의해 유도된 지질과산화가 솔잎 열수추출물 급여로 개선될 수 있음을 제시한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.675-681
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• 1997

체내에서 영양소의 흡수에 영향을 미치는 에탄올과 섬유소 및 단백질의 급여수준에 따른 이 들 상호작용을 구명하기 위해 에탄올을 투여한 횐쥐에게 단백질 급여 수준을 7%와 20%로 달리 하고 섬유소를 5%와 10% 첨가한 실험식이를 5주간 급여하므로써 이들 영양소가 에탄을 대사효소와 항산화 물질에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. Aldehyde dehydrogenase(ADH)와 microsomal ethanol oxidizing system(MEOS) 활성은 에탄을 투여시 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 특히 MEOS 활성은 단백질 정상 급여와 정상섬유소 급여시 그 증가가 현저하였다. 에탄을 투여로 감소된 aldehyde de-hydrogenase(AIDH) 활성은 정상섬유소군의 경우 단백질 적정 급여시 유의적인 감소를 나타내었다. Cytoch-rome P-450(P-450) 활성은 에탄을 투여로 증가되었으며 에탄을 투여군에서 단백질 정상급여와 과량의 섬유소 급여로 유의하게 감소되었다. Xanthine oxidase (XO) 활성은 에탄을 투여로 증가하는 경향이었으며, 저 단백군에 비하여 단백질 적정 급여시 유의적인 증가를 나타내었다. 또한 섬유소 급여수준에 따른 XO 활성은 에탄올 투여군 중 단백질 정상군에서만 유의적인 차이가 관찰되었다. 에탄을 투여는 간조직 중의 글루타티온 함량을 유의적으로 감소시켰으며, 단백질 결핍에 따른 영향이 현저하게 나타났다. 간조직 중의 지질과 산화 함량은 단백질 결핍시 에탄올 투여로 증가하였다. 이상의 결과에서 에탄올을 해독키 위하여 간의 ADH와 MEOS 활성이 증가되었으며 이로 인해 생성된 아세트알데히드는 AIDH 보다 XO를 통해 해독된 것으로 나타났다. 또한 에탄올 대사효소 활성에 요구되는 단백질 공급과 10% 즉, 과량의 섬유소 급여 보다 5% 섬유소 급여시 에탄올성 간손상을 경감시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.668-672
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• 2001

흰쥐에 있어서 구기자 추출물 첨가식이가 간조직의 유해산소대사기구와 알콜대사에 어떠한 효과가 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 구기자 알콜 추출물을 사료에 2%, 4%를 첨가시켜 1개월간 사육한 후 처치하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 구기자 추출물 첨가식이로 성장하는 동안 체중증가율은 대조군보다 오히려 약간 감소되는 경향을 보였으며 간기능은 대조군과 별다른 차이가 없었다. 간조직의 xanthine oxidase 활성은 구기자 첨가식이군과 대조군간에는 별다를 차이를 볼 수 없었으며 cytochrome P450 함량은 2%및 4% 구기자 추출물 첨가식이군이 대조군보다 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 간조직의 catalase 활성은 2% 및 4% 구기자 추출물 첨가식이군 모두 대조군보다 유의한 (p<0.05) 증가를 보였으나 두 실험군 간에는 별다른 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 또한 superoxide dismutase 활성은 2% 구기자 추출물 첨가식이군이 대조군보다 유의한 (p<0.05) 증가를 보였으며, 4% 구기자 추출물 첨가식이군은 대조군과는 별다른 차이가 없었으나 2% 구기자 추출물 첨가식이군에 비해서는 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 glutathine 함량, glutathione-S-transferase 활성은 구기자 추출물 첨가식이군과 대조군 간에는 별다른 차이를 볼수 없었다. 한편 간조직의 alcohol dehydrogenase 활성은 2% 및 4% 구기자 추출물 첨가식이군 모두 대조군보다 유의한 (p<0.001) 증가를 보였다. 그리고 구기자 추출물 첨가식이군과 대조군의 Km치는 980mM로 동일한 값을 나타내었으나, Vmax치는 2% 및 4% 구기자 추출물 첨가식이군이 대조군보다 각각 71%(660 nmole)및 40%(526nmole)로 증가하였다. 이상 실험결과는 식이중 구기자 알콜 추출물 첨가는 유해산소 및 알콜의 해독효과를 나타냄을 시사해 주고 있다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.277-282
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• 1998

장미(Rosa sp. cv Paul's Scarlet) 현탁 배양체의 배지에서는 정상적인 성장 조건하에서 cationic peroxidase (POD)만 관찰되었으나, 효모 세포벽으로부터 추출한 숙주 특이성이 낮은 elicitor를 10 mg glucan/L의 농도로 투여하여 24시간 정도 배양하였을 때 기존의 POD와 뚜렷하게 구분되는 anionic POD가 유도됨을 관찰하였다. Elicitor에 의해 유도되는 prominent한 anionic POD (pI 6.1)와 대조구로서 pI 8.4의 cationic isozyme을 분리한 후 효소학적 성질을 비교하였다. Ammonium sulfate농축, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chroma tography를 통하여 약 200배로 농축된 두 효소를 분리하였으며, 이 두 효소의 몇몇 기질에 대한 kinetic parameter들은 매우 의미있는 차이를 보여 주었다. 그 중에서 ferulic acid에 대한 Km은 anionic POD의 경우 4.6 mM, cationic POD는 1.38 mM로 측정되었으며, $\textrm{H}_2\textrm{O}_2$에 대한 Km은 각각 anionic POD가 0.72 mM, cationic isozyme이 0.45 mM로 나타났다. 특히 NADH 산화 반응의 활성은 anionic POD가 cationic POD에 비하여 약 2배 높은 것으로 측정되었다. 0.1 mM coniferyl alcohol의 첨가에 의한 NADH 산화 반응의 억제는 anionic POD fraction에서 약 60% 정도 일어난 반면에 cationic POD fraction에서는 약 15% 정도 일어났다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.394-408
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• 2007

Several genes/QTLs governing resistance/tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses have been reported and mapped in rice. A QTL for submergence tolerance was found to be co-located with a major QTL for broad-spectrum bacterial leaf blight (bs-blb) resistance on the long arm of chromosome 5 in indica cultivars FR13A and IET8585. Using the Nipponbare (japonica) and 93-11 (indica) genome sequences, we identified, in silico, candidate genes in the chromosomal region [Kottapalli et al. (2006)]. Transcriptional profiling of FR13A and IET8585 using a rice 22K oligo array validated the above findings. Based on in silico analysis and arraying we observed that both cultivars respond to the above stresses through a common signaling system involving protein kinases, adenosine mono phosphate kinase, leucine rich repeat, PDZ/DHR/GLGF, and response regulator receiver protein. The combined approaches suggest that transcription factor EREBP on long arm of chromosome 5 regulates both submergence tolerance and blb resistance. Pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, co-located in the same region, are candidate downstream genes for submergence tolerance at the seedling stage, and t-snare for bs-blb resistance. We also detected up-regulation of novel defense/stress-related genes including those encoding fumaryl aceto acetate (FAA) hydrolase, scramblase, and galactose oxidase, in response to the imposed stresses.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2015년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.13-13
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• 2015

Rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is the most destructive pathogen of rice in the world. This fungus has a biotrophic phase early in infection and switches to a necrotrophic lifestyle after host cell death. During the biotrophic phase, the fungus competes with host for nutrients and oxygen. Continuous uptake of oxygen is essential for successful establishment of blast disease of this pathogen. Here, we report transcriptional responses of the fungus to oxygen limitation. Transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq identified 1,047 up-regulated genes in response to hypoxia. Those genes were involved in mycelial development, sterol biosynthesis, and metal ion transport based on hierarchical GO terms and well-conserved among three different fungal species. In addition, null mutants of three hypoxia-responsive genes were generated and tested for their roles on fungal development and pathogenicity. The mutants for a sterol regulatory element-binding protein gene, MoSRE1, and C4 methyl sterol oxidase gene, ERG25, exhibited increased sensitivity to hypoxia-mimetic agent, increased conidiation, and delayed invasive growth within host cells, suggesting important roles in fungal development. However, such defects did not cause any significant decrease in disease severity. The other null mutant for alcohol dehydrogenase gene, MoADH1, showed no defect in the hypoxia-mimic condition and fungal development. Taken together, this comprehensive transcriptional profiling in response to a hypoxia condition with experimental validations would provide new insights on fungal development and pathogenicity in plant pathogenic fungi.

• BMB Reports
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.476-481
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• 2002

The CHH/MIH/GIH peptide family of black tiger prawn (Paneaus monodon) is important in shrimp reproduction and growth enhancement. In this study, the cDNA that encodes the complete peptide that is related to the CHH/MIH/GIH family (so-called, Pem-CMG) in the eyestalk of P. monodon was successfully expressed in a methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris under the control of an alcohol oxidase promoter. In order to obtain the secreted Pem-CMG, a secretion signal of either the Saccharomyces cerevisiae $\alpha$-factor or Pem-CMG was employed. The results demonstrated that ${\alpha}Pem$-CMG, either with (${\alpha}2EACMG$) or without (${\alpha}CMG$) the Glu-Ala repeats, was secreted into the medium, while Pem-CMG with its own secretion signal failed to be secreted. The total protein amount that was secreted from the transformant that contained either ${\alpha}2EACMG$ or ${\alpha}CMG$ was approximately 60 mg/l and 150 mg/l, respectively. The N-terminus of the Pem-CMG peptide of both ${\alpha}2EACMG$ and ${\alpha}CMG$ was correctly processed. This produced the mature Pem-CMG peptide.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.277-287
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• 2004

Objective : Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might playa major role. Therefore, many efforts have been made to regulate oxygen free radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Because Jindangwon has been known to be effective in treatment of diabetes, the methanol extract of Jindangwon was tested for its effectiveness in reducing the oxidative stress induced by Streptozotocin. Methods : Jindangwon was washed, dried in the shade and crushed. The crushed Jindangwon was extracted 3 times, each time with 3 volumes of methyl alcohol at $60^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The extract was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to yield 30.6 g. Jindangwon extract was oral-administered to the diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin 50 mg per 1 kg of body weight for 15 days. The efficacy of the Jindangwon extract was examined with regard to the enzymatic pathways involved in the oxygen free radical production and the glutathione balance. Results : he effects of the methanol extract of Jindangwon in streptozotocin-induced diabetics rats with regard to body weight, blood glucose level, hepatic lipid peroxide level, hepatic xanthine oxidase activity and type conversion rate, hepatic glutathione level, hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity, hepatic glutathione reductase activity, hepatic aldose reductase activity, and hepatic sorbitol dehydrogenase activity were favorable enough to suggest that it is a cure for diabetes and its complications. Conclusions :These results support Jindangwon as an effective reducing agent for oxidative stress in the tissues and organs by regulating the production of oxygen free radicals. Jindangwon, in particular, shows promising results for its use as a cure, or preventative medicine for diabetes and its complications by reducing oxidative stress in beta-cells of the pancreas.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2016

Tapentadol is a novel oral analgesic with a dual mode of action as an agonist of the ${\mu}$-opioid receptor (MOR), and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) all in a single molecule. Immediate release (IR) tapentadol shows its analgesic effect quickly, at around 30 minutes. Its MOR agonistic action produces acute nociceptive pain relief; its role as an NRI brings about chronic neuropathic pain relief. Absorption is rapid, with a mean maximal serum concentration at 1.25-1.5 h after oral intake. It is present primarily in the form of conjugated metabolites after glucuronidation, and excretes rapidly and completely via the kidneys. The most common adverse reactions are nausea, dizziness, vomiting, and somnolence. Constipation is more common in use of the ER formulation. Precautions against concomitant use of central nervous system depressants, including sedatives, hypnotics, tranquilizers, general anesthetics, phenothiazines, other opioids, and alcohol, or use of tapentadol within 14 days of the cessation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, are advised. The safety and efficacy have not been established for use during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, or for nursing mothers, pediatric patients less than 18 years of age, and cases of severe renal impairment and severe hepatic impairment. The major concerns for tapentadol are abuse, addiction, seeking behavior, withdrawal, and physical dependence. The presumed problem for use of tapentadol is to control the ratio of MOR agonist and NRI. In conclusion, tapentadol produces both nociceptive and neuropathic pain relief, but with worries about abuse and dependence.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2016

In recent years, various naturally occurring defence peptides such as plectasin have attracted considerable research interest because they could serve as alternatives to antibiotics. However, the production of plectasin from natural microorganisms is still not commercially feasible because of its low expression levels and weak stability. A tandemly arrayed plectasin gene (1,002 bp) from Pseudoplectania nigrella was generated using the isoschizomer construction method, and was inserted into the pPICZαA vector and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The selected P. pastoris strain yielded 143 μg/ml recombinant plectasin (Ple) under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter. Ple was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 41 kDa. In vitro studies have shown that Ple efficiently inhibited the growth of several gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus suis and Staphylococcus aureus. S. suis is the most sensitive bacterial species to Ple, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg/ml. Importantly, Ple exhibited resistance to pepsin but it was quite sensitive to trypsin and maintained antimicrobial activity over a wide pH range (pH 2.0 to 10.0). P. pastoris offers an attractive system for the cost-effective production of Ple. The antimicrobial activity of Ple suggested that it could be a potential alternative to antibiotics against S. suis and S. aureus infections.