• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2004

This study was performed to assess the microbiological quality of kimbap (rice balls rolled in laver) prepared in two conditions (normal condition or clean, sanitized condition) and to support a practical application to identify critical control points (CCPs) in the preparation and cooking processes of kimbap. Kimbap, raw materials of kimbap, utensils (knives, cutting board, and kimbal which is made of bamboo), and hands of food handlers were examined microbiologically. Airborne microbes in the kitchens were also evaluated. Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in all samples. The aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria levels of all samples in clean, sanitized condition were much lower than those in normal condition. More aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria were counted in unheated raw materials of kimbap than in heated raw materials. In both conditions, the levels of airborne microbes of the kitchens were satisfactory. The aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria of kimbap prepared in clean, sanitized condition were one hundredth levels of those of kimbap prepared in normal condition. However, fecal coliforms were detected even in the kimbap prepared in clean, sanitized condition. The results indicate that microbiological contamination of kimbap may be mainly originated from the contaminated unheated raw materials, utensils, and hands of food handlers, and also possible cross-contamination during preparation. The CCPs for kimbap preparation and cooking were handling of unheated raw materials, cleaning and sanitizing utensils, and hand washing of food handlers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.640-650
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• 2021

Particulate matter (PM) produced in pig houses may contain microbes which can spread by airborne transmission, and PM and microbes in PM adversely affect human and animal health. To investigate the microbiome in PM from pig houses, nine PM samples were collected in summer 2020 inside and outside of pig houses located in Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do Province, Korea, comprising three PM samples from within a nursery pig house (I-NPH), three samples from within a finishing pig house (I-FPH), and three samples from outside of the pig houses (O-PH). Microbiomes were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Firmicutes was the most dominant phylum and accounted for 64.8%-97.5% of total sequences in all the samples, followed by Proteobacteria (1.4%-21.8%) and Bacteroidetes (0.3%-13.7%). In total, 31 genera were represented by > 0.3% of all sequences, and only Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, and Aerococcus differed significantly among the three PM sample types. All three genera were more abundant in the I-FPH samples than in the O-PH samples. Alpha diversity indices did not differ significantly among the three PM types, and a principal coordinate analysis suggested that overall microbial communities were similar across PM types. The concentration of PM did not significantly differ among the three PM types, and no significant correlation of PM concentration with the abundance of any potential pathogen was observed. The present study demonstrates that microbial composition in PM inside and outside of pig houses is similar, indicating that most microbe-containing PM inside pig houses leaks to the outside from where it, along with microbe-containing PM on the outside, may re-enter the pig houses. Our results may provide useful insights regarding strategies to mitigate potential risk associated with pig farming PM and pathogens in PM.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1986

The underground living spaces have become one of the major environment of this decade in urban area. This study was carried out to examine contamination level for purpose of preservation of the pleasant underground environment. Three subway stations and three underground shopping centers in Seoul and two underground shopping centers in Busan were selected and surveyed by measuring gaseous pollutants $(SO_2,\; NO_2,\;CO,\;HC,\; HCHO,\;CO_2)$, dust, airborne microbes, and the other air condtions (temperature, humidity, air pressure, air flow, kata cooling power). These examined data were compared with four kinds of standard (building sanitation management, room air quality standards, occupational safety and health standards, ventilation equipment) as environmental hygiene.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 2020

In the present study, using biological information of bacteria and biochemical information of chlorine dioxide gas, Gram-positive bacteria, e.g., Alloiococcus otitis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus lentus, and gram-negative bacteria, e.g., Acinetobacter baumannii complex, Aeromonas salmonicida, Brucella melitensis, Oligella ureolytica were used whether a plastic kit to release ClO₂ gas could inhibit their growth. Overall, chlorine dioxide gas showed about 99% inhibition of bacterial growth, with less than 10 CFU. However, it was found that Gram positive Alloiococcus otitis and Gram negative Aeromonas salmonicida had more than about 50 CFU. When comparing the results of experiments with several bacteria, it suggested that the concentration of chlorine dioxide gas would be at least 10 ppm to 400 ppm for the bacterial inhibition. The results of this study could be used as basic data to evaluate the clinical usefulness of chlorine dioxide gas. If this study helps with prior knowledge to help clinicians to recognize and prevent the presence of micro-organisms that cause infections in hospitals, it would be helpful for activities such as patient care as a convergence field. In the future, it is considered that the research results will be the basis for rapidly inhibiting the microbes infected with patients by utilizing data of the information of the microbes that are inhibited for chlorine dioxide gas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.457-463
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to apply the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system to the production of dressing. The hazard analysis examined the main materials, industrial water, microbial evaluation, and airborne microorganisms of each working area, as well as the pathogenic microbial contamination risk. The survey was conducted at SJ Company in Jincheon (Chungchengbuk-do), Korea for 30 days from April 1, 2012 to April 30, 2012. The results showed that raw material microorganisms had a total plate count in industrial water below $3.00{\times}10$ CFU/mL in working room I, working room II, the packing room, washing water, and the inspection room for five times in each place. During dressing production (including heat treatment and mixing), general bacteria were detected at an average of $3{\times}10$ CFU/mL, but yeast, mold, and pathogenic bacteria were not detected. Airborne microbiological evaluation (for total plate count, yeast, and mold) found levels below the legal limit at each working area. While workers were positive for microbes in total plate counts, coliform and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected. In conclusion, standards for hygienic management should be established to prevent and decrease hazards, such as general bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms (for example, E. coli, B. cereus, Listeria spp, Salmonella spp, Staph. aureus, Clostridium perfringens, yeast, and mold), and to found critical limits for microorganisms with an HACCP system.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.2895-2901
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• 2011

SeoulMetro(line number 1 to 4) for the first half of the year. Therefore air quality in the subway is very important. It is passengers, such as sneezing and respiratory vital activities, Suspended due to skin keratin microbial action, and Microbial contaminants such as viruses. Hypersensitivity disorders, an atopic dermatitis, infectious diseases, allergic diseases, and can cause respiratory diseases. Ministry of Environment and National Institute of Environmental Research is managed so the life bacteria. It is emerging as the occupational health problems. Introduction of an appropriate ventilation system for cooling and dehumidification is needed. In line number 2, commuting and normal trains are measured in-room floating microbes. Suspended bacteria and fungi suspended in 2011 for 85 ~ 385$cfu/m^3$, 67 ~ 98$cfu/m^3$ is lower than baseline. Suspended to prevent microbial contamination and air conditioning equipment performance is a substantial improvement. Suspended micro-organisms and the impact on passenger room ventilation is increased. Electric car how to improve air quality substantially investigated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.115-125
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• 2000

Three major hospitals with over 500 beds located in and near Seoul were surveyed for airbone microorganisms from February 1, 1998 to February 18, 1998. The purpose of the study was to identify and quantify microbiological organisms circulating in the air of three different areas in the hospitals. For the study, a RCS air sampler was utilized equipped with two different collection media, the agar strip GK-A for bacteria and the agar strip HS for fungi. The areas investigated were the intensive care unit (ICU) in the Department of internal medicine, the Newborns room in the Department of Obstetrics, and the microbiology laboratory. The results were as follows; 1. The average numbers of general microbiological particles collected on the agar strip GK-A media were $205CFU/m^3$, $232CFU/m^3$, and $128CFU/m^3$ in each hospitals. The highest concentration of $387CFU/m^3$ was found in the ICU of A hospital at 15:00 during the day. Further analysis of the collected bioaerosols by gram staining, revealed that there were gram positive cocci (89.5%), gram positive bacilli (7.2%), gram negative bacilli (2.8%), and fungi (0.5%), in descending order of frequency. 2. Ten different genes were identified from the agar strip GK-A. The most frequently identified organisms were: the Coagulase negative staphylococcus (55.0%), Micrococcus (21.4%), Enterococcus species(10.4%), and Bacillus species (7.2%). A series of antibiotics susceptibility test were conducted against the aforementioned four(4) organisms. Ninety percent of coagulase negative stapylococcus were sensitive to Penicillins. Pathogenic microbes isolated include: Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter species, Klebsiella pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. 3 Although 56.8% of the microorganisms grown on the strip HS media for fungi could not be identified, some of them were successfully identified. The most frequently found fungi were Aspergillus (35.3%), Yeast or Molds (6.2%), and Penicillium (0.7%). Based on the results obtained from the study, it was concluded that some areas in the hospitals had abnormally high bioaerosol concentrations which could be attributed to human activity. Therefore, it is recommended that periodic assessments of indoor bioaerosols aiming to identify the possible sources should be conducted in order to maintain clean indoor environment in the hospitals.