• 한국연소학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2016

Flame characteristics and NO emission behavior in $CH_4$/air-air premixed counterflow flames with applying FIR and FGR with $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ were investigated numerically by varying the ratios of FIR and FGR as well as global strain rate. Chemical effects of added $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ via FIR and FGR were analyzed through comparing flame characteristics and NO behaviors from real species($CO_2$ and $H_2O$) with those from their artificial species($XCO_2$ and $XH_2O$) which have the same thermochemical, radiative, and transport properties to those for the real species. The results showed that flame temperature and NO emission with FIR varied much more sensitively than that with FGR. Those varied little irrespective of adding $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and their artificial species to the fuel stream via FIR. However, Those were varied complicatedly by chemical effects of added $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ via FGR. Detailed analyses for them were made and discussed.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.996-1002
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• 2006

Experiments in methane-air low strain rate counterflow diffusion flames diluted with nitrogen have been conducted to study the behavior of flame extinction and edge flame oscillation in which flame length is less than the burner diameter and thus lateral conduction heat loss in addition to radiative heat loss could be remarkable at low global strain rates. Critical mole fraction at flame extinction is examined with velocity ratio and global strain rate. Onset conditions of edge flame oscillation and flame oscillation modes are also provided with global strain rate and added nitrogen mole fraction to fuel stream (fuel Lewis number). It is seen that flame length is closely relevant to lateral heat loss, and this affects flame extinction and edge flame oscillation considerably. Edge flame oscillations in low strain rate flames are experimentally described well and are categorized into three: a growing oscillation mode, a decaying oscillation mode, and a harmonic oscillation mode. The regime of flame oscillation is also provided at low strain rate flames. Important contribution of lateral heat loss even to edge flame oscillation is clarified

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.997-1005
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• 2005

The extinction characteristics of low strain rate normal gravity (1-g) nonpremixed methane-air flames were studied numerically and experimentally. A time-dependent axisymmetric two-dimensional (2D) model considering buoyancy effects and radiative heat transfer was developed to capture the structure and extinction limits of 1-g flames. One-dimensional (1D) computations were also conducted to provide information on 0-g flames. A 3-step global reaction mechanism was used in both the 1D and 2D computations to predict the measured extinction limit and flame temperature. A specific maximum heat release rate was introduced to quantify the local flame strength and to elucidate the extinction mechanism. Overall fractional contribution by each term in the energy equation to the heat release was evaluated to investigate the multi-dimensional structure and radiative extinction of 1-g flames. Images of flames were taken for comparison with the model calculation undergoing extinction. The two-dimensional numerical model was validated by comparing flame temperature profiles and extinction limits with experiments and ID computation results. The 2D computations yielded insight into the extinction mode and flame structure of 1-g flames. Two combustion regimes depending on the extinction mode were identified. Lateral heat loss effects and multi-dimensional flame structure were also found. At low strain rates of 1-g flame ('Regime A'), the flame is extinguished from the weak outer flame edge, which is attributed to multi-dimensional flame structure and flow field. At high strain rates, ('Regime B'), the flame extinction initiates near the flame centerline due to an increased diluent concentration in reaction zone, which is the same as the extinction mode of 1D flame. These two extinction modes could be clearly explained with the specific maximum heat release rate.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2006년도 제27회 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.295-298
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• 2006

메탄/질소-공기 저 신장율 대향류 확산화염에서 화염소화 거동과 에지화염의 진동불안정성에 대한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 특히, 저 신장율 화염에서 복사열손실 뿐만 아니라 측면전도 열손실이 현저해 진다. 각 전체 신장율에서 화염진동의 시작조건과 진동모드를 제안하였다. 화염길이는 측면 전도열손실과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있으며 화염소화와 화염진동에 중대한 영향을 미친다. 저 신장율 에지화염의 진동모드는 성장모드, 감쇠모드 그리고 조화모드로 요약된다. 또한, 각 진동모드의 조건을 전체신장율과 희석제의 몰분율에 대한 안전화선도를 작성하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.988-996
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• 2005

Flame structure and extinction mechanism of counterflow methane/air non-premixed flame diluted with nitrogen are studied by NASA 2.2 s drop tower experiments and two-dimensional numerical simulations with finite rate chemistry and transport properties. Extinction mechanism at low strain rate is examined through the comparison among results of microgravity experiment, 1D and 2D simulations with a finite burner diameter. A two-dimensional simulation in counterflow flame especially with a finite burner diameter is shown to be very important in explaining the importance of multidimensional effects and lateral heat loss in flame extinction, effects that cannot be understood using a one-dimensional flamelet model. Extinction mechanism at low strain rate is quite different from that at high strain rate. Low strain rate flame is extinguished initially at the outer flame edge, the flame shrinks inward, and finally is extinguished at the center. It is clarified from the overall fractional contribution by each term in energy equation to heat release rate that the contribution of radiation fraction with 1D and 2D simulations does not change so much and the overall fractional contribution is decisively attributed to radial conduction ('lateral heat loss'). The experiments by Maruta et at. can be only completely understood if multi-dimensional heat loss effects are considered. It is, as a result, verified that the turning point, which is caused only by pure radiation heat loss, has to be shifted towards much lower global strain rate in microgravity flame.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2006년도 제26회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.279-282
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• 2006

이산화탄소를 첨가한 저 신장률 메탄-공기 대향류 확산화염에서 화염소화 거동과 에지화염 진동을 조사하기 위해 실험을 수행하였다. 화염소화 조건에서의 임계 몰분율을 속도비와 전체화염 신장률에 따라 분석하였다. 또한 에지화염 진동의 시작조건과 관련된 모드들을 전체화염 신장률에 따라 조사하였다. 화염길이는 측면방향 열손실과 밀접한 연관이 있으며, 측면방향 열손실은 화염소화와 에지화염 진동에 중대한 영향을 미친다. 에지화염의 진동 모드는 성장, 감쇠, 조화 세 가지로 분류된다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2014

대향류 메탄/공기 확산화염에서 복사모델이 소화한계에 미치는 영향이 수치적으로 검토되었으며, 수치결과의 검증을 위하여 기초실험이 병행되었다. 소화약제로는 $N_2$와 $CO_2$가 고려되었으며, 다른 정확도를 갖는 복사모델 OTM과 SNB에 따른 소화농도의 차이가 검토되었다. 주요 결과로서, $N_2$가 첨가된 경우, 복사모델의 정확도에 따라 소화농도의 큰 차이가 발생되지 않는다. 그러나 강한 복사효과를 갖는 $CO_2$가 낮은 신장율의 화염에 첨가되었을 때, SNB와 같은 예측 정확도가 높은 복사모델이 고려되어야 한다. 특히 연료에 첨가된 $CO_2$의 경우 복사모델 SNB와 OTM에 의한 소화농도는 차이를 갖게 된다. 따라서 소화농도 예측을 위해서는 수치해의 정확도와 계산시간을 고려한 합리적인 복사모델의 선택이 필수적이라 할 수 있다.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2015

Oxy-methane nonpremixed flames diluted with $CO_2$ were investigated to clarify impact of radiation heat loss and chemical effects of additional $CO_2$ to oxidizer stream on flame extinction. Flame stability maps were presented with functional dependencies of critical diluents mole fraction upon global strain rate at several oxidizer stream temperatures in $CH_4-O_2/N_2$, $CH_4-O_2/CO_2$, and $CH_4-O_2/CO_2/N_2$ counterflow flames. The effects of radiation heat loss on the critical diluent mole fractions for flame extinction are not significant even at low strain rate in nonpremixed $CH_4-O_2/N_2$ diffusion flame, whereas those are significant at low strain rate and are negligible at high strain rate (> $200s^{-1}$) in $CH_4-O_2/CO_2$ and $CH_4-O_2/CO_2/N_2$ counterflow flames. Chemical effects of additional $CO_2$ to oxidizer stream on the flame extinction curves were appreciable in both $CH_4-O_2/CO_2$ and $CH_4-O_2/CO_2/N_2$ flames. A scaling analysis based on asymptotic solution of stretched flame extinction was applied. A specific radical index, which could reflect the OH population in main reaction zone via controlling the mixture composition in the oxidizer stream, was identified to quantify the chemical kinetic contribution to flame extinction. A good correlation of predicted extinction limits to those calculated numerically were obtained via the ratio between radical indices and oxidizer Lewis numbers for the target and baseline flames. This offered an effective approach to estimate extinction strain rate of nonpremixed oxy-methane flames permitting air infiltration when the baseline flame was taken to nonpremixed $CH_4-O_2/N_2$ flame.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2000년도 제20회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.57-66
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• 2000

대향류 메탄/공기 예혼합 화염과 과농/희박 예혼합 화염에서 PLIF 기법을 이용하여 OH 및 NO 분포를 측정하고 이를 수치해석 결과와 비교하였다.OH 및 NO LIF 신호는 계산된 농도 분포와 대체적으로 잘 일치하였으며，대향류 예혼합 화염에서는 화염의 구조가 NO 생성 특성에 많은 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 예혼합 화염 ($\alpha$=l)에서는 중앙의 정체점에서 NO 농도가 가장 높고 대칭으로 넓은 지역에 존재하는 반면，과농/희박 예혼합 화염 ($\alpha$=0.6, 0.8)에서는 당량비의 차이와 화염의 구조적 특성으로 NO 분포가 비대칭이며 상대적으로 좁은 지역에 나타났다. 희석에 따른 부분예혼합 화염 구조의 변화가 NO 생성에 영향을 주었다. 예혼합화염 ($\alpha$=1)의 경우 질소희석으로 NO 분포 지역이 줄어들고 정체면 지역에서 NO 농도가 크게 줄어 들었으며，$\alpha$=0.6인 과농/희박 예혼합 화염의 경우에는 NO 농도는 줄어들지만 NO 분포 지역은 크게 변하지 않았다. 예혼합 화염 ($\alpha$=1)의 경우 중앙의 고온지역에서 OH LIF 신호가 시뮬레이션보다 높게 나타났으며，과농/희박 예혼합 화염 ($\alpha$=0.6， 0.8)에서는 OH 라디칼의 분포가 과농지역으로 치우치는 것이 관찰되었다. NO PLIF 신호측정시 광학 필터만으로는 화염의 자발광을 제거할 수 없었으며 이에 대한 대책이 요구된다.