• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.11-23
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• 2023

In Korea, open burning of agricultural residues is prevalent due to inadequate collection systems, which have caused environmental impacts such as GHGs and particulates. This illegal treatment of agricultural residues also results in economic loss, considering that agricultural residues can be utilized as resources such as pellets and energy sources. To understand the effect of avoiding open burning, this study evaluated the economic, environmental, and social effects of two alternative management options for agricultural residues: incineration and pelletizing. The study estimates the potential amount and dry weight by region for 18 items, taking various factors into account. Regarding the economic aspect, pelletizing facilities in all regions in Korea create economic benefits. This study shows that most regions have an environmental advantage by pelletizing residues. However, incineration creates more environmental benefits than pelletizing in metropolitan cities with relatively low density of residues. It is expected that the environmental, economic, and social findings of this study can be used to inform policies for bioenergy as the need for agricultural residue increases.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.17-23
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• 2017

In South Korea, 25 % of annual agricultural residues (11.64 million tons) are unused. The hydrophilicity, low lower heating value (LHV), and low energy density of agricultural residues can be obstacles for efficient usage. Torrefaction, a low temperature pyrolysis process, can be a solution to overcome these disadvantage of agricultural residues. In this study, agricultural residues such as bean stem, pepper stem, perilla stem, sorghum stem, acorn shell, and ginkgo shell are torrefied at 200, 230, and $250^{\circ}C$ and evaluated energy properties, respectively. The torrefaction can increase the LHV and energy density rate of agricultural residues from 3,331~4,444 kcal/kg to 4,166~5,830 kcal/kg and 20~30 %, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.525-532
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• 2000

A new spectroscopic method for pesticide residues detection on agricultural products was developed. The general determination methods are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) or GC-mass spectrometry. They have provided relatively good detection limit and accuracy with complicated and time-consuming (5hrs above) procedures. In addition freshness is very important for evaluating qualities of agricultural products. This requires a simple and fast method for detection of pesticides. Reflectance, transmittance and fluorescence spectrometry of pesticides were tested using UV range because most of pesticides contain conjugation band in the molecular structures. Fluorescence spectrometry showed better sensitive to detect pesticide residues than did reflectance and transmittance spectrometry. Intensity and shape of fluorescence spectra showed different patterns with different structures of pesticides. Detection limit for fluorescence spectrometry was 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm depending on the structures of pesticides. Application of fluorescence spectrometry appears to be an easy method for detection of pesticide residues on agricultural products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.300-305
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine changes in the residues of procymidone and diazinon in Chwinamul, pepper leaves, and young radish according to drying method. When the three vegetables were dried at room with air stream, the residues of procymidone and diazinon increased, but after being adjusted to reflect the decrease in water content of the vegetables, the residues declined by 10 to 83 percent. When they were dried in a oven, the residues of the pesticides in the vegetables also increased, but after being adjusted to reflect the drop in the water content, the residues decreased by 44 to 71 percent. According to the results, the residues of the pesticides mostly decreased after being adjusted to reflect the drop in the water content of the dried vegetables. Therefore, when judging dried agricultural products not only the decreased water content of dried vegetables but also other factors that affect pesticide residues during the drying process should be considered. This raises the need for additional research on such factors.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.311-322
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the 106 kinds of pesticide residues in agricultural products (n=3,614) by GC, for the northern area of Seoul from March (1999) to December (2000). The detection rate of pesticide residues in samples was 5.0% (mean =2.86$\pm$7.22 mg/kg, n=180). The order of the agricultural products in which pesticide residues were detected was korean lettuce > perilla leaf, pepper > chinese cabbage > leek > spinach. The percentage of the agricultural products in excess of MRL was 2.0% (n=73). The agricultural products in excess of MRL were korean lettuce (n=15), perilla leaf(n=13), leek (n=6), spinach (n=6), pepper (n=5), chwinamul (n=5), etc. The order of the pesticide residues which were detected in agricultural products was procymidone endosulfan chlorpyrifos vinclozolin chlorothalonil and diazinon. The average residual values of procymidone, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, vinclozolin, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were 4.07, 1.24, 1.27, 2.83, 17.71 and 1.48 respectively. The pesticide residues in excess of MRL were chlorpyrifos (n=19), endosulfan (n=12), procymidone(n=), vinclozolin (n=6), etc, and the measured concentration ranges of chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, procymidone, vinclozolin, pyrazophos, diazinon and EPN were 0.03-6.72, 0.18-5.8, 2.0-60.8, 1.70-20.33, 0.26-1.21. 0.59-4.3 and 0.28-4.19 respectively.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2010

The biometry, morphological properties and chemical composition of bagasse, corn, sunflower, rice, and rapeseed residues plants were analyzed. The results revealed differences in biometry properties and chemical composition of the different types of agricultural resides investigated. The greatest proportion of fiber length (1.32 mm) and cellulose (55.56%) was found in residues of bagasse plants, with a low ash (1.78%) and lignin (20.5%). The lignin of all types of agricultural resides was less than hardwood and softwood. In addition, the rice and rapeseed residues plants had highest amount of ash and extractive component. The slenderness and flexibility ratios of the all types of agricultural resides fibers were similar to some of hardwood and softwood species.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1979.04a
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• pp.113.1-113
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• 1979

Each year, vast amount of agricultural crop residues are produced (about 60 percent of the total crop production), which have not been effectively utilized because they are bulky and lignocellulosic, thus having little fuel energy per unit volume. Using treated plant residues as animal feeds could result in an ultimate saving of fossil fuel energy and a more effective utilizat ion of products created by the photosynthetic process. Feeding the residues to animals would decrease the pollution potential, but these residues are difficult for even a ruminant animal to digest. If cellulosic wastes produced from cereal grain straw and wood could be digested, land now used for producing forage add grain cnuld be shifted to food crops for humans. During the past decade, considerable efforts were made to utilize crop residues. These utilization methods can be broadly grouped into for categories: (1) direct uses, (2) mechanical conversions, (3) chemical conversions and (4) biological conversions. Agricultural crop residues consist mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, andother plant carbohydrates. The nature of the constituents of these residues can be best utilized as one of the five FS: Fuel, Fiber, Fertilizer, Feed and Food. Many processes have teen proposed and some are in industrial production stage. However, economics of the process depend on the location where availability of other competitive products are different.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.575-578
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• 2013

Rice cultivation in the paddy field and the burning of crop residues have been identified as the important sources of methane emission in agricultural sector. This study aimed at assessment of the methane emission from croplands in the year of 2011 with the IPCC guideline methodology. Methane from rice cultivation was emitted 6,813 $CO_2$-eq Gg in 2011. According to the water management, methane emission amounts by continuously flooded and intermittently flooded were 1,499 and 5,314 $CO_2$-eq Gg, respectively. Methane emission by crop residues burning was highest in red pepper and followed by rice straw, pulses and barely in 2011. Methane emission by field burning was very little compared with rice cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.444-449
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• 2023

The current study involved the calculation of air pollutant emission factors (EFs) generated from the incineration of agricultural residues. The process included sample collection, weight measurement, moisture measurement, incineration system configuration, and concentration measurement. The average CO emission factor of gaseous air pollutants from the incineration of barley and wheat agricultural residues was calculated as 0.08289 kg/kg and 0.06665 kg/kg, respectively, whereas the average NO_X emission factor for barley and wheat agricultural residues was determined to be 0.00518 kg/kg and 0.00185 kg/kg, respectively. In the existing air pollutant emission calculation manual, the EF is presented only for barley. Therefore, in this study, we have introduced the EF for wheat, previously absent in the calculation manual. Additionally, the air pollutant calculation manual presents the EF of air pollutants as one value, but in this study, EF values corresponding to 2.5% and 97.5% were presented in consideration of the distribution of experimental values as shown in EMEP/EEA data.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the levels of pesticide residues in fruits and to assess their risk to human health. METHODS AND RESULTS: Monitoring of 215 samples of fruits collected from local markets in incheon during 2013 was performed. 259 pesticides were analyzed by multi-residue method and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and safe/Mass/Mass(QuEChERS/MS/MS) method using Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector/Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector(GC-ECD/NPD), GC-MS, LC(Liquid Chromatography-Mass/Mass(LC-MS/MS) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array/Fluorescence Detector(HPLC-PDA/FLD). In 56.3% of the samples detected pesticide residues and were not found to exceed Maximum Residue Limits(MRL). The highest detected samples were found in citrus fruits(83.9%). Among the detected compounds, carbendazim(13.1%), imazalil (11.7%), thiabendazole(10.7%) and fludioxonil(9.8%) were frequently found in fruits. A risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits was performed by calculating Estimated Daily Intake(EDI) and Acceptable Daily Intake(ADI). Also, we were evaluated removal efficiency of pesticide residues by washing and peeling. The removal efficiency of pesticide residues in citrus and tropical fruits by peeling processes were 91.6%. After the washing process, the removal rates were 43.1%(Cherry, Grape, Blueberry). CONCLUSION: The level of pesticide residues in fruits was within the MRL. The range of %ADI values was from 0.00011 to 0.98795%. The process of washing or peeling reduces the level of pesticide residues. The results of this research concluded that the detected pesticides are not harmful to human being.