• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.28-36
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• 1979

One of most important problems in the Monsoon Asia today is the production of rice paddy to meet the needs of the ever increasing population. Diversemeans are being employed to meet this demand, both by increasing productivity of existing farm land and by bringing further areas into cultivation. The primary step in either field is to ensure that there is sufficient moisture in the soil to suit the paddy, and at the same this means that excess moisture has to be drained off the land, while in others irrigat ion has to be employed to bring sufficient water to an area. In view of the fact that the project comprises a huge amount of earthwork, it can be carried out by extensive use of construction machinery in order to shorten the period. As farm ditch has a comparatively small section with shallow cutting depth, inaddition, there is lack of access road in the field, the excavation equipment with bulldozer or tracter-shovel (backhoe) type are not applicable because there are mostly adapted for the excavation of deep and wide section. Mini-backhoe with its bucket width not larger than 0. 3m, and width of blade not larger than 1. 00m seems to be more adaptable. About 80% of excavation of ditch section will be done by the machinery while the other 20% of excavation together with the finishing of the section are supposed to be done by man-power. The embankment of ditch section can be compacted by the crawler of backhoe when it is moving along the ditch for excavation. However, Lowland paddy field in the Monsoon Asia are made particulary in rain season, therefore, heavy machinery is not easy excavation for ditch. It is very important to know exact ground support power of the working site and select machines with corresponding ground pressure. Ground support power is variable subject to quality and water content of soil and therefore selection of machines should be made duly considering ground condition of the site at the time of construction works. Farm ditches dug and compacted by mannual labar are of poor quality and subject to destruction after one or two years of operation. On the other hand, excavation and compaction by bulldozer is not practical for ditches. Backboe is suitable for slope land, but this is required cycle time of bucket excavation and dumped out. If a small-scale farm ditch trencher adaptable to lowland paddy field is invented, such a machine could greatly accelerate the massive construction work envisaged in many countries and thus significantly speed up the most difficult part of irrigation development and management in Monsoon Asia.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.9-16
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• 2022

Recently, agricultural sites are automating into digital agricultural smart farms by applying technologies such as big data and Internet of Things (IoT). These smart farms aim to increase production and improve crop quality by measuring the environment of crops, investigating and processing data. Production prediction is an important study in smart farm digital agriculture, which is a high-tech agriculture, and it is necessary to analyze environmental data using big data and further standardized research to manage the quality of growth information data. In this paper, environmental and production data collected from smart farm strawberry farms were analyzed and studied. Based on regression analysis, crop production prediction models were analyzed using Ridge Regression, LightGBM, and XGBoost. Among the three models, the optimal model was XGBoost, and R2 showed 82.5 percent explanatory power. As a result of the study, the correlation between the amount of positive fluid absorption and environmental data was confirmed, and significant results were obtained for the production prediction study. In the future, it is expected to contribute to the prevention of environmental pollution and reduction of sheep through the management of sheep by studying the amount of sheep absorption, such as information on the growing environment of crops and the ingredients of sheep.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.21-27
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• 1979

Canal construction is not the only area in which mechanization has advanced with great strides. All phases of the construction industry, including earthmoving, land clearing and levelling, road construction, and drainage and water control projects, have benefited from today's technological advancements. Lasers, an excellant example of advanced technology, have been refined for use as guidance systems for construction machinery, increasing accuracy and the speed of operation. The use of explosives by contractors is becoming more commonplace. One of the most valuable modern tools available today is the two-way radio. On today's sophisticated projects a single machine being down can frequently stop the progress of the entire project, delaying hundreds of men and machines from completing their assigned work for the day. The use of two-way radios in all the pickups and cars being used on a project facilitates communication so that emergency repairs can be effected immediately, and costly down time on any project can be reduced to a minimum. Not every construction project is suitable to mechanization. However, on the majority of projects mechanization has a great deal to offer the Korean contractor, and all contractors, in savings of time and money. Each and every project being considered by a contractor, should be closely examined for the most effective and efficient machinery application available. The International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) has formed a committee on construction techniques being used in canal construction today. Two publications are now available describing the advances made in recent years. Standards for construction have been established for mechanized systems and this information is being distributed worldwide.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.30 no.1 s.108
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• pp.25-31
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• 2005

There are more than three hundred garlic peeling facilities in Korea and most of them use pressurized air for skin peeling operation. One of the major problems of using air for the peeling operation is the occurrence of excessive bruises on the flesh of peeled garlic which causes easy microbial contamination and shortening of the shelf lift. To reduce the occurrence of bruises during the peeling operation, a new type of garlic peeling system was developed which use pressurized water. In this system, high pressure water jets were used to separate garlic bulbs and to peel the skin of garlic cloves. Six commercial systems of this type had been developed and installed at several locations in Korea. The design and performance of the latest system according to three pressure levels were described in this paper. Peeling efficiency of the system was as high as $64.7\%$ in one cycle of peeling operation by three chambers installed in series. Incorporation of a sorting system based on machine vision and re-circulation of unpeeled and partially-peeled garlic enhanced peeling efficiency by additional $30\%$, resulting in total peeling efficiency of the final products of approximately $95\%$. Peeling capacity of the system was over 400 kg per hour.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.352-358
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• 1987

Rate constants for the hydrolysis of para-substituted phenyl N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)chloroformimidate (I) derivatives in 1 : 4 dioxane-water at $25^{\circ}C$ have been determined. Rate data, substituent effect $(\rho\>{\rho}^+)$, product analysis and MO calculation indicate that the uncatalyzed reaction proceeds through an $S_N1$ mechanism involving the formation of azocarbonium ion (II) below pH 3.0, and the base-catalyzed reaction proceeds through an $S_N2$ mechanism via transition state (III) above pH 4.0. The relative stability of four peri planar conformational isomers were (E-ap) > (Z-ap) > (E-sp) > (Z-ap), respectively, and the most stable stereo structures shows that the Y-substituted phenyl group $(C_6H_4-Y)$ occupy vertical $(90^{\circ})$ position on the plane of the benzimidochloroformyl group in (E-ap) conformer. The nucleophilic substitution of water molecule occurs by sigma attack to the activatived azomethine carbon atom of (I) derivatives.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 1990

Grains display characteristics of both elastic bodies and viscous fluids when they are subjected to mechanical treatments in harvesting, handling, and processing. This viscoelastic behavior of grains when mechanically stressed must be fully understood to establish maximum machine efficiency and have a minimum degree of grain damage and the highest quality of the final product. The studies were conducted to examine the effect of the moisture content, the loading rate and the initial deformation on the stress relaxation behavior of whole kernel of rough rice, and develop the rheological model to represent its stress relaxation behavior. The following results were obtained from the study. 1. Moisture content had the greatest influence on the initial portion of the relaxation curve. With elapsing time the lower moisture content resulted in the lower residual stress for the Japonica-type rough rice and vice versa for the Indica-type rough rice. But within the ranges of moisture content tested, the degree of stress relaxation per unit strain on the Indica-type rough rice was a little higher than those on the Japonica-type rough rice. 2. The slower loading rate resulted in less initial stress. The decreasing trend of residual stress for all the samples tested with increasing loading rate was shown. 3. The higher initial deformation for all the samples resulted in less initial stress. The increasing of amount of stress relaxation per unit strain with increase of initial stress indicated that viscoelastic properties of rough rice depended not only upon duration of load applied but also initial stress applied. This means that rough rice is nonlinear viscoelastic material. 4. The compression stress relaxation properties of rough rice kernel can be described by a generalized Maxwell model representing by the Maxwell elements.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.166-176
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the potential of interactance mode of NIR spectroscopy technology for the estimation of soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness of muskmelons. Methods: Melon samples were taken from local greenhouses in three different harvesting seasons (experiments 1, 2, and 3). The fruit attributes were measured at the 6 points on an equator of each sample where the spectral data were collected. The prediction models were developed using the original spectral data and the spectral data sets preprocessed by 20 methods. The performance of the models was compared. Results: In the prediction of SSC, the highest coefficient of determination ($R_{cv}{^2}$) values of the cross-validation was 0.755 (standard error of prediction, SEP=$0.89^{\circ}Brix$) with the preprocessing of normalization with range in experiment 1. The highest coefficient of determination in the robustness tests, $R_{rt}{^2}$=0.650 (SEP=$1.03^{\circ}Brix$), was found when the best model of experiment 3 was evaluated with the data set of experiment 2. The best $R_{cv}{^2}$ for the prediction of firmness was 0.715 (SEP=3.63 N) when no preprocessing was applied in experiment 1. The highest $R_{rt}{^2}$ was 0.404 (SEP=5.30 N) when the best model of experiment 3 was applied to the data set of experiment 1. Conclusions: From the test results, it can be concluded that the interactance mode of VIS/NIR spectroscopy technology has a great potential to measure SSC and firmness of thick-skinned muskmelons.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 1984

This study was intended to analyze the dynamic force system which induced the shattering of paddy grains. A model to predict the shattering of paddy grains was developed, and physical quantities, such as mass distribution and rigidity of rice plant, needed for evaluating the minimum shattering forces were also measured. Under the assumption that rice plant right before harvesting is a vibratory system, the mathematical model of the vibratory system was developed and solved with the varied conditions of forcing functions. The results of the study were summarized as follows: 1. The shattering of grain occurred at the abscission layer of grain by the bending moments resulted from the impact force due to the collision of panicles of rice plant. 2. The vibratory model developed for milyang 23 rice variety was analyzed to give the natural frequencies of 7-9 Hz, which were closely related with the excitation frequencies of 4-10 Hz caused by various machine parts besides engine. Thus, avoiding the resonance should be taken into consideration in the design of the harvesting machinery. 3. It was analyzed to predict the lowest frequency that could develop the shattering when the excitation force was applied to the lower end of stem. The lowest frequency for the Milyang 23 rice variety ranged from 8.33 Hz to 11.66 Hz as the amplitude varied from 1 cm to 2.5 cm. 4. The degree of shattering depended upon the magnitude of the impact force and its application point. For Milyang 23 rice variety, the minimum impact force developing the shattering was $5g_f$ when it was applied at 1 cm above the lower end of stern and $1g_f$ when applied at 5 cm above the lower end of stem. 5. The minimum colliding velocity of the panicle, when it was on the ground that would just develop the shattering, was given as follows, $$V=\sqrt{\frac{K_t}{m_g}{\cdot}{{\phi}^2}}$$ where V : The colliding velocity of the panicle against ground to cause the shatteering of rice grain. (cm/sec) $K_t$ : The minimum spring constant for bending at the abscission layer of grain. (dyne-cm/rad) ${\phi}$ : The minimum shattering angle of grain (rad) $m_g$ : The maximum mass of grain. (g).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 1992

To develop the wireless remote opreating system of walking rice transplanter, this study was carried out for manufacturing the wireless remote control system acting upon the transplanter. The first report of this study contained about the construction and operating method of a developed remote control system for 2-row walking type transplanter. It is the second report about the field test for an experimental transplanter being attached a wireless control system and for a conventional transplanter. The test was executed to investigate the characteristics of velocity, rectilinearity, turning time, interval of roots and of rows, and field capacity in accordance with various engine speeds for an experimental transplanter. The measurements of this test were compared with those of the conventional transplanter. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The operating velocity of the experimental transplanter was faster than the conventional one when the high speed range of the engine but the variances were very large. 2. The rectilinearity, interval of raws and of roots, and the turning time of the experimental transplanter was inferior to the conventional one at some speed ranges of the engine. 3. Field capacity of the experimental transplanter was superior to the conventional one at high speed of the engine. 4. There were some disadvantages for the experimental transplanter to operate, because it was constructed without any aid devices, such as float and hydraulic system for instance. But if the remote control system of this study equip at the modern walking transplanter, it will be improved and utilized without defects which was revealed from this test.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.3312-3327
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• 2020

Plant diseases are a significant yield and quality constraint for farmers around the world due to their severe impact on agricultural productivity. Such losses can have a substantial impact on the economy which causes a reduction in farmer's income and higher prices for consumers. Further, it may also result in a severe shortage of food ensuing violent hunger and starvation, especially, in less-developed countries where access to disease prevention methods is limited. This research presents an investigation of Directional Local Quinary Patterns (DLQP) as a feature descriptor for plants leaf disease detection and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as a classifier. The DLQP as a feature descriptor is specifically the first time being used for disease detection in horticulture. DLQP provides directional edge information attending the reference pixel with its neighboring pixel value by involving computation of their grey-level difference based on quinary value (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2) in 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° directions of selected window of plant leaf image. To assess the robustness of DLQP as a texture descriptor we used a research-oriented Plant Village dataset of Tomato plant (3,900 leaf images) comprising of 6 diseased classes, Potato plant (1,526 leaf images) and Apple plant (2,600 leaf images) comprising of 3 diseased classes. The accuracies of 95.6%, 96.2% and 97.8% for the above-mentioned crops, respectively, were achieved which are higher in comparison with classification on the same dataset using other standard feature descriptors like Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and Local Ternary Patterns (LTP). Further, the effectiveness of the proposed method is proven by comparing it with existing algorithms for plant disease phenotyping.