• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.222-233
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• 2012

The nocturnal low-level jet makes a significant impact on carbon and water exchanges and turbulent mixing processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. This study reports a case study of nocturnal surface fluxes such as $CO_2$ and water vapor in the surface layer observed at a flat and homogeneous site in the presence of low-level jets (LLJs). In particular, it documents the temporal evolution of the overlying jets and the coincident response of surface fluxes. The present study highlights several factors linking the evolution of low-level jets to surface fluxes: 1) wavelet analysis shows that turbulent fluxes have similar time scales with temporal scale of LLJ evolution; 2) turbulent mixing is enhanced during the transition period of low-level jets; and 3) $CO_2$, water vapor and heat show dissimilarity from momentum during the period. We also found that LLJ activity is related not only to turbulent motions but also to the divergence of mean flow. An examination of scalar profiles and turbulence data reveal that LLJs transport $CO_2$ and water vapor by advection in the stable boundary layer, suggesting that surface fluxes obtained from the micrometeorological method such as nocturnal boundary layer budget technique should carefully interpreted in the presence of LLJs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.318-322
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• 2006

The intracellular invertase gene of alkalophilic and thermophilic Bacillus sp. TA-11 which was isolated from compost was cloned and expressed in E. coil HB101 using pUC19 as a vector. The invertase of the recombinant E. coli (pYC 17) was maximally produced when it was incubated at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 9 h in a SY medium containing 0.25% sucrose, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.1% each of $K_2HPO_4$ and $KH_2PO_4$, with an initial pH of 8.0. The final enzyme activity under the above condition was 47.7 U per ml of cell-free extract.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1457-1466
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• 2012

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exert antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses by various mechanisms. AMPs commonly possess particular characteristics by harboring cationic and amphipathic structures and binding to cell membranes, resulting in the leakage of essential cell contents by forming pores or disturbing lipid organization. These membrane disruptive mechanisms of AMPs are possible to explain according to the various structure forming pores in the membrane. Some AMPs inhibit DNA and/or RNA synthesis as well as apoptosis induction by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Specifically, mitochondria play a major role in the apoptotic pathway. During apoptosis induced by AMPs, cells undergo cytochrome c release, caspase activation, phosphatidylserine externalization, plasma or mitochondrial membrane depolarization, DNA and nuclei damage, cell shrinkage, apoptotic body formation, and membrane blebbing. Even AMPs, which have been reported to exert membrane-active mechanisms, induce apoptosis in yeast. These phenomena were also discovered in tumor cells treated with AMPs. The apoptosis mechanism of AMPs is available for various therapeutics such as antibiotics for antibiotic-resistant pathogens that resist to the membrane active mechanism, and antitumor agents with selectivity to tumor cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1729-1738
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• 2019

In sourdough fermentation, lactic acid bacteria perform important roles in the production of volatile and antimicrobial compounds, and exerting health-promoting effects. In this study, we report the probiotic properties and baking characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum SPC-SNU 72-2 isolated from kimchi. This strain is safe to use in food fermentation as it does not carry genes for biogenic amine production (i.e., hdc, tdc, and ldc) and shows no β-hemolytic activity against red blood cells. The strain is also stable under simulated human gastrointestinal conditions, showing tolerance to gastric acid and bile salt, and adheres well to colonic epithelial cells. Additionally, this strain prevents pathogen growth and activates mouse peritoneal macrophages by inducing cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12. Furthermore, the strain possesses good baking properties, providing rich aroma during dough fermentation and contributing to the enhancement of bread texture. Taken together, L. plantarum SPC-SNU 72-2 has the properties of a good starter strain based on the observation that it improves bread flavor and texture while also providing probiotic effects comparable with commercial strains.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.4 s.83
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• pp.320-329
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• 1997

Botrytis cinerea isolates obtained from infected plants of cucumber, tomato, and strawberry were divided into three groups (sporing, sclerotial, and mycelial types). Of which sclerotial types were the major group. There were no correlations between morphological phenotypes and responses to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides. External structure of conidia of three phenotypes by scanning electron microscope was the same with verrucose surface. Mycelial type was the most virulent on fruits of eggplants. Comparative tests were carried out to examine correlations between the virulence and production of fungal enzymes such as phenol oxidases, pectin methyl esterases (PME), amylases, cellulases, ureases, ${\beta}-glucosidases$, and proteinases. There was no correlation among the phenotypes in production of phenol oxidases and ${\beta}-glucosidases$. However, there were significantly different from each other in PME, amylase, cellulase, urease, and protease activity.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1997

Glyphosate had no effect on 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase(EPSP-synthase) biosynthesis per se. But it inhibited clealy the activity of EPSP-synthase. EPSP-synthase seemed to be synthesized as a higher molecular weight(54 kDa) presusor protein and to be transported into plastid. The apparent molecular weight of mature EPSP-synthase in plastid is 45 kDa. Thus, the molecular size of transit peptide appeared to be about 9 kDa. The etiolation for 48 h after glyphosate application did not exhibit the inhibition of translocating level of EPSP-synthase across chloroplast envelope in actively growing meristematic leaves. But even when the plants were etiolated 2 hr after glyphosate treatment, a complete inhibition did not occur at least within 12 hr, i.e. 2 hr after beginning light period, suggesting that EPSP-synthase biosynthesis appeared to be not completely light dependent and the level of EPSP-synthase translocation to chloroplast could be controlled by an unknown regulatory mechanism of light dependent herbicidal effect of glyphosate.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2005

Much attention has been focused on the activity of the natural antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables, because potentially these components may reduce the level of oxidative stress. Especially, mulberry leaves containing many natural components are considerable resource far natural antioxidants. The antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaves was investigated with minilum L-100 device and ARAW-KIT (anti-radical ability of water-soluble substance), in comparison to the ascorbic acid. The appropriate conditions for pre-treatments of mulberry leaves were 80% MeOH, 30 sec. vortex mixing. The antioxidant capacity of 16 varieties was 3303.4 nmol (ascorbic acid equivalents) at opening stage of five leaves in spring. The highest stage of antioxidant capacity (3708.0 nmol) and yield rate was just before the coloration stare with anthocyanin in fruits, whereas the lowest stage was middle of June (2231.6 nmol) and about two months growing stage after summer pruning (2064.6 nmol). But after summer pruning, the antioxidant capacity of mulberry.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.326-331
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• 2008

To search for immunoactive natural products exerting anti-inflammatory activity, we have evaluated the effects on the water extracts of Artemisia princeps Pampanini (APP) on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production by RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Our data indicate that this extract is a potent inhibitor of NO production and it also significantly decreased PGE2 and TNF-$\alpha$ production. Consistent with these results, the protein and mRNA expression level of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was inhibited by water extracts of APP in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that APP may exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects possibly by suppressing the inducible NO synthase and COX-2 expressions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3711-3719
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• 2016

Drawbacks of conventional cancer treatments, with lack of specificity and cytotoxicity using current approaches, underlies the necessity for development of a novel approach, gene-directed cancer therapy. This has provided novel technological opportunities in vitro and in vivo. This review focuses on a member of an apoptosis inhibitor family, survivin, as a valuable target. Not only the gene but also its promoter are applicable in this context. This article is based on a literature survey, with especial attention to RNA interference as well as tumor-specific promoter action. The search engine and databases utilized were Science direct, PubMed, MEDLINE and Google. In addition to cell-cycle modulation, apoptosis inhibition, interaction in cell-signaling pathways, cancer-selective expression, survivin also may be considered as specific target through its promoter as a novel treatment for cancer. Our purpose in writing this article was to create awareness in researchers, emphasizing relation of survivin gene expression to potential cancer treatment. The principal result and major conclusion of this manuscript are that survivin structure, biological functions and applications of RNA interference systems as well as tumor-specific promoter activity are of major interest for cancer gene therapy.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 1982

A special law on health care for rural areas was enacted, as of Dec. 31, 1980, in order to provide effective health care service in rural areas through the primary health care approach. The implementation of the PHC developed the CHP(Community Health Practitioner) and provided the training program lasted 24 weeks. The qualification of CHP is a registered nurses or midwivies. This study was conducted in order to analyze the characteristics of trainees of CHP and training environments. The data was collected from personal questionnaire by means of mailing. Respondent was 338 out of 356 trainees. The summary of the findings are as follows : 1) The 38.0% out of trainees is 25-29 years of age (minimum : 20, maximum 55, mean : 30.3). 2) The 59.0% of respondent come from county area and the 52.5% are married. 3) The 61.0% didn't receive any in-service education. 4) In their experience related to health care service, the 29.8% of them experienced during 4 year 6 year and the 50.8% of the holders in experience was engaged in clinical field. 5) As to motivation of application of CHP, the 55.1% respond to "Independently workable" and the 35.1% respond to "Worthwhile". 6) The 45.1% got any information sources on CHP from Newsletter of KNA. 7) The 46.8% of respondent showed that instructor had utilized both teaching materials and reference book. 8) During the training, the 49.4% stayed at own house but the 35.0% stayed with lodgings and flat. 9) The 52.8% of trainees comment on very short of living allowance. 10) The 19.3% of respondent is willing to serve as CHP for ten years or more, but the 42.1% respond to serve for obligation namely 2 years. This study result could be utilized as a basic data for improving the CHP training program and management of the CHP's field activity in the future.