• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.49.1-49.1
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• 2007

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• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.169-173
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• 2016

Objective: To determine the preferred regimen for women with adenomyosis undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), we compared the IVF outcomes of fresh embryo transfer (ET) cycles with or without gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist pretreatment and of frozenthawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles following GnRH agonist treatment. Methods: This retrospective study included 241 IVF cycles of women with adenomyosis from January 2006 to January 2012. Fresh ET cycles without (147 cycles, group A) or with (105 cycles, group B) GnRH agonist pretreatment, and FET cycles following GnRH agonist treatment (43 cycles, group C) were compared. Adenomyosis was identified by using transvaginal ultrasound at the initial workup and classified into focal and diffuse types. The IVF outcomes were also subanalyzed according to the adenomyotic region. Results: GnRH agonist pretreatment increased the stimulation duration ($11.5{\pm}2.1days$ vs. $9.9{\pm}2.0days$) and total dose of gonadotropin ($3,421{\pm}1,141IU$ vs. $2,588{\pm}1,192IU$), which resulted in a significantly higher number of retrieved oocytes ($10.0{\pm}8.2$ vs. $7.9{\pm}6.8$, p=0.013) in group B than in group A. Controlled ovarian stimulation for freezing resulted in a significantly higher number of retrieved oocytes ($14.3{\pm}9.2$ vs. $10.0{\pm}8.2$, p=0.022) with a lower dose of gonadotropin ($2,974{\pm}1,112IU$ vs. $3,421{\pm}1,141IU$, p=0.037) in group C than in group B. The clinical pregnancy rate in group C (39.5%) tended to be higher than those in groups B (30.5%) and A (25.2%) but without a significant difference. Conclusion: FET following GnRH agonist pretreatment tended to increase the pregnancy rate in patients with adenomyosis. Further largescale prospective studies are required to confirm this result.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2018

Objective: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of a fixed early gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol compared to a conventional midfollicular GnRH antagonist protocol and a long GnRH agonist protocol for in vitro fertilization (IVF) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: Randomized patients in all three groups (early antagonist, n = 14; conventional antagonist, n = 11; long agonist, n = 11) received 21 days of oral contraceptive pill treatment prior to stimulation. The GnRH antagonist was initiated on the 1st day of stimulation in the early antagonist group and on the 6th day in the conventional antagonist group. The GnRH agonist was initiated on the 18th day of the preceding cycle. The primary endpoint was the number of oocytes retrieved, and the secondary endpoints included the rate of moderate-to-severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and the clinical pregnancy rate. Results: The median total number of oocytes was similar among the three groups (early, 16; conventional, 12; agonist, 19; p= 0.111). The early GnRH antagonist protocol showed statistically non-significant associations with a higher clinical pregnancy rate (early, 50.0%; conventional, 11.1%; agonist, 22.2%; p= 0.180) and lower incidence of moderate-to-severe OHSS (early, 7.7%; conventional, 18.2%; agonist, 27.3%; p= 0.463), especially among subjects at high risk for OHSS (early, 12.5%; conventional, 40.0%; agonist, 50.0%; p= 0.324). Conclusion: In PCOS patients undergoing IVF, early administration of a GnRH antagonist may possibly lead to benefits due to a reduced incidence of moderate-to-severe OHSS in high-risk subjects with a better clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer. Further studies with more subjects are required.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.138-142
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• 2005

Adenosine and GABA are known to be major inhitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and its receptors mediate various neurophamacological effects including cardiovascular modulatory effects. Inhibitory cardiovascular effects induced by intrathecal (i.t.) administration of adenosine $A_1$ receptor agonist and its modulation by cyclic AMP was suggested by our previous report. In this experiment, we examined the modulation of cardiovascular effects of adenosine $A_1$ receptor and adenosine $A_2$ receptor by $GABA_B$ receptors antagonist in the spinal cord. I.t. administration of 10 nmol of $N^6$-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA, an adenosine $A_1$ receptor agonist), I.t. administration of 2 nmol of 5'-(N-cyclopropyl)-carboxamidoadenosine (CPCA, an adenosine $A_2$ receptor agonist), pretreatment with 5-aminovaleric acid (a $GABA_B$ receptor antagonist, 50 nmol, i.t.) prior to administration of CHA and pretreatment with 5-aminovaleric acid (a $GABA_B$ receptor antagonist, 50 nmol, i.t.) prior to administration of CPCA were performed in anesthetized, artificially ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats. I.t. administration of 50 nmol of 5-aminovaleric acid significantly attenuated the inhibitory cardiovascular effects of CHA but did not attenuated the inhibitory cardiovascular effects of CPCA. It is suggested that cardiovascular responses of adenosine $A_1$ receptor is modulated by $GABA_B$ receptor and adenosine $A_2$ receptor is not modulated by $GABA_B$ receptor in the spinal cord.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.303-306
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• 2003

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), classified into three groups (group I, II, III), play a critical role in modulation of synaptic transmission at central and peripheral synapses. In the present study, extracellular field potential recording techniques were used to investigate effects of mGluR agonists on excitatory synaptic transmission at thalamic input synapses onto the lateral amygdala. The non-selective mGluR agonist t-ACPD ($100{\mu}M$) produced reversible, short-term depression, but the group III mGluR agonist L-AP4 ($50{\mu}M$) did not have any significant effects on amygdala synaptic transmission, suggesting that group I and/or II mGluRs are involved in the modulation by t-ACPD. The group I mGluR agonist DHPG ($100{\mu}M$) produced reversible inhibition as did t-ACPD. Unexpectedly, the group II mGluR agonist LCCG-1 ($10{\mu}M$) induced long-term as well as short-term depression. Thus, our data suggest that activation of group I or II mGluRs produces short-term, reversible depression of excitatory synaptic transmission at thalamic input synapses onto the lateral amygdala. Considering the long-term effect upon activation of group II mGluRs, lack of long-term effects upon activation of group I and II mGluRs may indicate a possible cross-talk among different groups of mGluRs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 1987

The effects of higenamine were investigated in the single atrial and ventricular myocyte of the guinea pig by using patch clamp method. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Isoprenaline which is known to be ${\beta}-agonist$ increased the duration of action potential and calcium current in ventricular cells. 2) Higenamine also increased the duration of action potential and calcium current in ventricular myocytes. And its effect was blocked by propranolol. 3) In the atrial cells, isoprenaline showed ${\beta}-agonist$ effects, which were increasing the duration of action potential and calcium current same as in ventricular cells. 4) Higenamine, however, showed the opposite effects of ${\beta}-agonist$ which were decreasing the duration of action potential and calcium current. The above results suggest that higenamine has the typical ${\beta}-agonist$ effect in ventricular cells but inhibitory effect in atrial cells and this effect on atrium could be due to the reduction of calcium current.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 1991

Long-term administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH) agonists, through a process of pituitary desensitization and down-regulation of receptors, inhibits the secretion of gonadotropin and sex-steroids and induces a reversible suppression of gonadal activity. This approach can be used as an effective endocrine therapy for some hormone-dependent tumors. We have used D-Trp6-LHRH, a long acting LHRH agonist, for the treatment of eleven patients with uterine leiomyomas, thereafter myomectomy was performed in seven cases and observed the ultrastructural changes of leiomyoma with an electron microscope. The use of LHRH agonist may be effective in reducing the size of a myoma considerably by primarily inducing medical hypophysectomy and would allow easier surgical removal. Electron microscopic findings of myoma cells after the use of LHRH agonist included the following: loss of cristae and swelling nuclear chromatin, perinuclear vacuolation in cytoplasm. Bone mineral density was slightly decreased, however, the difference was not statistically significant.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2001

This study was attempted to investigate on renal effect of ($\pm$)6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenol 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-3 benzazepine (SKF 81297), dopamine $D_1$ receptor agonist, in dog. SKF 81297, when gluten intravenously, produced diuretic action along with the increases of renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), amounts of N $a^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ excreted into urine ( $E_{Na}$ , $E_{K}$) and osmolar clearance ( $C_{osm}$). It also decreased the reabsorption rates of N $a^{+}$ and $K^{+}$ in renal tubule ( $R_{Na}$ , $R_{K}$) and free water clearance ( $C_{H2O}$), whereas ratios of $K^{+}$ agonist N $a^{+}$ in urine and filtration fraction (FF) was not changed. SKF 81297, when administered into a renal artery, elicited diuresis both in experimental kidney given the SKF 81297 and control kidney not given, while the effect was more remarkable in experimental kidney than those exhibited in control kidney. SKF 81297 given into carotid artery also exhibited diuresis, the potency at this time, compared to those induced by intravenous SKF 81297, was magnusgreat. Above results suggest that SKF 81297 produces diuresis by both indirect action through changes of central function and direct action being induced in kidney. Central diuretic action is mediated by improvement of renal hemodynamics, but direct action by inhibition of electrolytes reabsorption in renal tubule.enal tubule. tubule.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2009

Known as a female hormone, estrogen, performs important functions, and the activities of the hormone are mediated via the estrogen receptor. The principal objective of the present study was to assess the effects of a estrogen receptor agonist in male reproductive organs. In this study, the estrogen receptor alpha agonist, PPT, was injected subcutaneously into adult male mice. The effects of PPT on the murine reproductive system were histologically assessed at 3,5, and 8 weeks after treatment. In the treatment group, reductions were observed in the weight of the body, testis and epididymis. Microscopic examination revealed a reduction in seminiferous tubular diameter in the testis, and epithelial cell height in the epididymis during the experiment. 8 weeks after treatment, spermatogenesis was not detected, nor was the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. In the fertility test, 1 week after PPT injection, the fertilizing ability of males was decreased, and on the 2nd and 3rd weeks, complete infertility was observed. In conclusion, the injection of high concentrations of PPT into adult males induced physiological changes, including infertility, and also induced morphological changes, including a reduction in the height of epithelial cells within the reproductive system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1992.05a
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• pp.39-39
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• 1992

5-Hydroxytryptamine(serotonin, 5-HT)은 중추신경의 신경 전달물질로서 조울병, 불안신경증 등의 정신병태생리에 중요한 역할을 한다. Radioligand 결합실험에 의하여 5-$HT_{1A}$, 5-$HT_{1B}$, 5-$HT_{1C}$, 5-$HT_{1D}$, 5-$HT_{2}$, 5-$HT_3$의 5-HT receptor subtypes의 존재가 확인되어 있고, 그 중에서도 5-$HT_{1A}$ receptor는 중추작용 증 정 도의 조절에 관계가 깊은 raphe nuclei 및 해마에 주로 존재하여 약리학적으로는 체온강하, 혈압 강하, 과식작용, corticosterone 분비 등과 관련되어 있음이 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 수용체 agonist가 항불안약, 항우울약 또는 항고혈압약으로서의 응용이 가능해지면서 5-$HT_{1A}$ 수용체 기능의 해명 및 그 agonist의 개발이 주목받고 있는 가운데, 본 연구에 있어서, 항불안약 개발목적으로 합성된 일련의 화합물 중 1-<3-(3,4-methylene-dioxyphenoxy)propyl> 4-phenyl piperazine (DP-554)이 5-HT 수용체에 특이적이고 선택적으로 높은 친화성을 가지며, rat 해마의 막분획에서 adenylate cyclase 활성을 억제하고, 뇌내 5-HT turnover rate를 감소시키는 둥의 약리학적 작용을 나타내어, 이 화합물이 5-$HT_{1A}$ receptor agonist로서 작용함을 밝혔다. Mouse vas deferens (MVD)를 이용한 실험에서 5-$HT_{1A}$ receptor가 MVD의 교감신경 말단에 존재하여 그 neurotransmission을 억제함이 시사되었으며, 이 조직에서 또한 5-$HT_2$와 5-$HT_3$ 수용체의 존재를 확인하고 각각의 기능을 분명히 했다.