• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-27
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• 2014

The principal objective of this study is to deepen the characterization studies already led on sand concretes in previous works. Indeed, it consists in studying the effect of the sand type on the main properties of sand concrete: fracture and mechanical properties. We particularly insist on the determination of the fracture characteristics of this material which apparently have not been studied. To carry out this study, four different types of sand have been used: dune sand (DS), river sand (RS), crushed sand (CS) and river-dune sand (RDS). These sands differ in mineralogical nature, grain shape, angularity, particle size, proportion of fine elements, etc. The obtained results show that the particle size distribution of sand has marked its influence in all the studied properties of sand concrete since the sand having the highest diameter and the best particle size distribution has given the best fracture and mechanical properties. The grain shape, the angularity and the nature of sand have also marked their influence: thanks to its angularity and its limestone nature, crushed sand yielded good results compared to river and dune sands which are characterized by rounded shape and siliceous nature. Finally, it should further be noted that the sand concrete presents values of fracture and mechanical properties slightly lower than those of ordinary concrete. Compared to mortar, although the mechanical strength is lower, the fracture parameters are almost comparable. In all cases, the sand grains are debonded from the paste cement during the fracture which means that the crack goes through the paste-aggregate interface.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.174-178
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• 2011

The cell permeability and cytotoxic effects of different-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were investigated using a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line called Caco-2. Morphological observation by scanning electron microscopy revealed that three zinc oxides with different mean particle sizes (ZnO-1, 20 nm; ZnO-2, 90~200 nm; ZnO-3, $1\sim5\;{\mu}m$) tended to aggregate, particularly in the case of ZnO-1. When cytotoxicities of all three sizes of zinc oxide particles were measured at concentration ranges of $1\sim1000\;{\mu}g$/mL, significant decreases in cell viability were observed at concentrations of $50\;{\mu}g$/mL and higher. Among the three zinc oxides, ZnO-1 showed the lowest viability at $50\;{\mu}g$/mL in Caco-2 cells, followed by ZnO-2 and ZnO-3. The permeate concentration of ZnO-1 from the apical to the basolateral side in the Caco-2 model system after four hours was about three-fold higher than that of either ZnO-2 or ZnO-3. These results demonstrated that ZnO-1, with a 20 nm mean particle size, had poorer viability and better permeability in Caco-2 cells than ZnO-2 and ZnO-3.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.271-282
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• 1993

Unit root test for temporally aggregated first order autoregressive process is considered. The temporal aggregate of fist order autoregression is an autoregressive moving average of order (1,1) with moving average parameter being function of the autoregressive parameter. One-step Gauss-Newton estimators are proposed and are shown to have the same limiting distribution as the ordinary least squares estimator for unit root when complete observations are available. A Monte-Carlo simulation shows that the temporal aggregation have no effect on the size. The power of the suggested test are nearly the same as the powers of the test based on complete observations.

• Geosystem Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.291-296
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• 2018

The aim of this work is to study the effect of aggregate type on the physico-mechanical properties and microstructure of bio-mortar (BM). Three different aggregates such as sand, dolomite and basalt were used. BM was prepared by mixing aggregates with bacterial cells (Sporosarcina Pasteurii) and one equimolar (1 M) of $urea/CaCl_2.2H_2O$. The results proved that the chemical composition and physical properties of aggregates play an important role in the microbial precipitation rate as well as size, morphology and crystallinity of the precipitated calcite, which strongly reflects on the properties of the prepared BM. The BM containing dolomite gave the highest compressive strength and lowest water absorption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

In order to capture the fast crack propagation in an unmanipulated concrete fracture test, we employed mechanoluminascent(ML) material, which emits visible light when stressed, as a crack visualization tool. Three-point bending fracture test setup, a paint type ML material and a high speed camera were used to capture the images of fast moving cracks. The maximum size of coarse aggregates of concrete was used as an experimental parameter. The crack images, loading, and crack mouth opening displacement were successfully recorded as a function of time elapsed. From the test results, several interesting cracking behavior in the unmanipulated fracture test was observed in such that (1) the crack moves fast while the load is slowly decreased after the maximum loading, and (2) the crack in concrete with larger coarse aggregates moves faster than the others.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.763-769
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• 2021

The relationship between government size and unemployment is an important topic of study in economics. Large public expenditure has been blamed for causing higher unemployment contrary to the belief that it would help in reducing unemployment. More research on the topic, however, needs to be done as the available literature has been based largely on data from developed countries. The present paper examines the existence of the relationship in states of India by using panel data analysis. For more comprehensive study, public expenditure is divided into development, non-development, and aggregate expenditures, while the types of unemployment under consideration are usual status and current weekly status. Indeed, it has been observed that development and non-development expenditures increase both the types of unemployment though the impact of the latter is higher. The findings are important as it implies that a cut in expenditure can be an important fiscal tool to fight unemployment. It was further observed that unemployment was higher among states with a more educated population, which also suggests a revisiting of the education policy in the country. States ruled by left parties have higher unemployment rate. Higher income states as well as states with higher growth rate tend to have lower unemployment rate.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2002

Rock joint system makes a heavy effect on the behavior of rock structures. The definition of a 3D rock joint system is very important in 2D or 3D numerical analysis for the prediction of the behavior of a discontinuous rock mass. To enhance the reality of a 3D definition of rock joint system, it is essential to estimate the unbiased statistics of basic geometric attributes of rock joints. In this study, we have proposed the statistical analysis and derived the related equations for an estimation of statistics of joint size and intensity. Geometry of rock joints in 3 dimensional space can be defined by the aggregate of location, size, orientation and intensity. The dimensional limit of survey method and its data makes 3D geometric attributes probabilistic. In the estimation of statistics of joint size, we have discussed the technique to correct the bias from a dimensional limit and derived the equation of 3D joint intensity by stereological approaches.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 2019

Effect of height on the size and shape of carbon nanotube (CNT) aggregates in the freeboard region of a bubbling fluidized bed ($0.15m\;i.d.{\times}2.6m\;high$) has been determined. Feret diameter and Heywood diameter of the CNT aggregates in the freeboard region of fluidized bed increased with increasing gas velocity. The average aggregate diameters and CNT particle number in the aggregates decreased with increasing of height in the freeboard. Aspect ratio increased as the location was closer to the surface of the dense phase, but decreased at the highest location. Solidity did not show any significant changes with height. The results showed the aggregates formation process is affected by the height in the freeboard. A correlation was proposed to predict the Heywood diameter of the CNT aggregates.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.320-327
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• 2011

In this study, for stemming effect in blast of the mortar block body, the crushed granite sand as fine aggregate, which is waste rock obtained at the ○○ limestone mine, was investigated to compare with stemming materials such as sea sand, river sand, clayed soil and water can be acquired easily at the field. The mortar block body was manufactured with the dimensions of 50 cm width, 50 cm length and 70 cm height. The direct shear and sieve separator test were performed, and the properties of friction resistance were analyzed by the extrusion test for five stemming materials. Axial strain of steel bar and ejection velocity of stemming materials due to the explosive shock pressure in blasthole with the stemming length of 10 cm and 20 cm in the mortar blast test were measured by the dynamic data acquisition system. Among stemming materials, axial strain showed the largest value at the crushed granite sand as fine aggregate, and the ejection velocity was the smallest value at the stemming of water. The results has shown correlate with harden unit weight in blasthole, particle size distribution, shear resistance, and extrusion strength of stemming materials. The ejection velocity of stemming material at the mouth of blasthole and the axial strain of steel bar in the inside of blasthole tend to be inversely proportional to each other, represent exponentially.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2005

Response in a modified reciprocal recurrent selection scheme for egg production was evaluated considering variable family sizes and genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred half sisters. The criteria of selection of purebred breeders included pullet's own performance, purebred full and half sisters and crossbred half sister's performance. Heritability of egg production of crossbreds (aggregate genotype) and purebred's was assumed to be 0.2 and genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred half sisters ($r_{pc}$) as 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4, -0.5 and -1.0. Number of dams per sire to produce purebred and crossbred progenies assumed to be 5, 6, 7, 8, while number of purebred female progeny ($N_p$) and crossbred progeny ($N_c$) per dam were considered to be 3, 4, 5 and 6 in each case. Considering phenotypic variance as unity, selection indices were constructed for different combinations of dams and progeny for each value of $r_{pc}$. Following selection index theory, response in crossbred and purebred for egg production was computed. Results indicated that response in crossbreds depended mainly on crossbred family size and also on magnitude of$r_{pc}$ irrespective of its direction, and response was greater with large crossbred family size than the purebred families. Correlated response in purebreds depends both on magnitude and direction of $r_{pc}$ and was expected to be greater with large purebred family size only. Inclusion of purebred information increased the accuracy of selection for crossbred response for higher magnitude of$r_{pc}$ irrespective of its direction. Present results indicate that desirable response in both crossbred and purebred performance is a function of $r_{pc}$ and family sizes. The ratio of crossbred and purebred family sizes can be optimized depending on the objective of improving the performance of crossbreds and/or of purebreds.