• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.585-593
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• 2020

This study contributes to the existing literature by empirically exploring the causes of child labor in the Indonesian labor market. Factors identified include rate of poverty, average wages, education participation, and quality of education. This study utilized an aggregate data of 301 districts and cities across 34 provinces sourced from the National Labor Force Survey and the National School/Madrasah Accreditation Board of the Republic of Indonesia. Using a multiple regression analysis, the study found strong evidence of the positive effect of poverty on child labor. Conversely, the study documented the adverse impact of average wages on child labor in Indonesia. Similarly, the participation in the education system also contributed negatively to the child labor. Finally, the quality of education services is found to have a negative effect on child labor in Indonesia. The findings of this study suggest that, in efforts to reduce the involvement of children in the workforce, the poverty eradication program should be enhanced. The wages should be continuously improved, at least, in par with the changes in prices. Finally, the quality of education and its services ought to be further enhanced to attract more child student participation rates across junior high schools nationwide.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.31.1-31.7
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• 2018

Despite considerable focus on the regenerative endodontic treatment of immature teeth with necrotic infected pulps and apical periodontitis, little data exist with regard to its possible implementation in necrotic permanent teeth with complete apical and radicular development. The present report describes the procedures and outcome of a regenerative endodontic treatment approach in 2 previously-traumatized incisors with closed apex with apical periodontitis. A 2-visit treatment procedure was employed. At initial visit, the root canals were copiously irrigated, followed by placement of a triple antibiotic paste containing ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and clindamycin into the root canals. After 4 weeks, the antibiotic paste was removed, and apical bleeding was initiated with size 10 hand files beyond the apices. The root canals were coronally sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate, and the access cavities were restored with bonded resin composite. At post-operative 60 months, both teeth were remained asymptomatic, with the recall radiographs showing complete resolution of apical radiolucency and reestablishment of periradicular tissues. In both teeth, the dimensions of root space remained unchanged as verified by image analysis. The revitalization protocol utilizing root canal disinfection and induced apical bleeding in necrotic, closed-apex incisors may offer a clinically acceptable alternative to conventional root canal treatment.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.129-143
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• 2012

This study focuses on the application of collage techniques to contemporary fashion and intends to show that collage techniques have a significant influence on contemporary fashion, leading to a more creative design aesthetic through the combination of fashion and art. The author carried out an empirical analysis focusing on domestic and global fashion collections from 2000S/S to 2010F/W, fashion publications, and internet data, along with a literature review. As a result, the papier-colle approach, as represented by cubism, showed a creative surface effect through the texture of the paper itself by applying real paper and other materials directly to the clothing items. Second, Dadaist ready-made expressed a distortion of the material and freedom of expression by creating a collage with ready-made fashion items and daily necessities. Third, a photomontage expressed unique images by printing various images of photos that contrasted in perspective. In addition to this, beauty in dissonance and a new sense of space by a collage of disparate material. Fourth, decalcomanie was expressed by printing methods, giving a stable image of the symmetry of the perfect landscape as well as the unintended effect of coincidence in abstract images and particular textures. Fifth, assemblage as the representative collage technique of pop art introduced the overall object itself or modified form by combining it with fashion to express three-dimensional aggregate structures.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.873-876
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• 2008

Although Permeable concrete is resently used as a pavement at a parking lot, a public squre and a bicycle road, we use without enough examining. most the maintenance of quality for Permeable concrete is only dealt with strength and color tone. also, there is not yet enough fundamental data about dynamical properties for strength, rate of void and water permeability. even when it is applied to at the scene, it is been a matter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.39-42
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• 2006

In this study, there is purpose that is on a concrete defect happen from aggregate minute's particle mixing in process that make waste concrete as recyclable cement puts to practical use constructing basic data for design of mix proportion used recyclable cement and solves strength fall problem using micron separator, and does general recyclable cement high quality. As a result of X-ray diffraction(XRD) of rater HR-C than NR-C is aware that it come out the micron-separating to decrease the $SiO_2$-peak below 50%. And a construction field which apply for strength's $24{\sim}28MPa$ HR-C in order to realize NR-C of 44% and 51%. Recycle concrete capacity through improved recycle cement of manufacturing technique by micron-separating's new distribution more better improvement. Therefore, in this study, it need to more various study a recycle cement of high quality for reasonable and utility recycling than disposal concrete.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2009

Chloride diffusivity of concrete is a crucial material parameter for service life determination and durability designing of marine concrete. Many research works on this issue have been conducted, varying from empirical solutions obtained experimentally to image analysis, based on multi-scale modeling. One of the simple approaches is to express the chloride diffusivity of concrete by a multi-factor function, however, the influences of various factors on the chloride diffusivity are ambiguous. Furthermore, the majority of these research works have not dealt with the carbonation process of concrete, although this process affects the chloride diffusivity of concrete significantly. The purpose of this study is to establish a simple approach to calculate the chloride diffusivity of (non)carbonated concrete. The chloride diffusivity of concrete should be defined, based on engineering and scientific knowledge of cement and concrete materials. In this paper, a lot of parameters affecting the chloride diffusivity, such as the diffusivity in pore solution, tortuosity, micro-structural properties of hardened cement paste, volumetric portion of aggregate, are taken into consideration in the calculation of the chloride diffusivity of noncarbonated concrete. For carbonated concrete, reduced porosity due to carbonation is calculated and used for calculating the chloride diffusivity. The results are compared with experimental data and previous research works.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.2651-2654
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• 2009

In borohydride-protected nanosilvers in laponite sol, the silver particles aggregate to form short chains and a dumbbell shape. The $^{1}H$ NMR measurements in this study represent, to our knowledge, the first observation of proton resonances of borohydride-protected nanosilvers in aqueous solution. Borohydride on nanosilver can be exchanged with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) or trioctylphosphine (TOP). Transmission electron microscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy data show that the number of aggregated silver nanoparticles decreases upon addition of aforementioned ligands due to the formation of silver MPCs (monolayer-protected clusters). Adsorption of MUA or TOP on nanosilver is confirmed through the observation of broad proton resonances of MPCs in $^{1}H$ NMR spectra.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 1996

Recently, High-Workable Concrete has been developed and began to be used to a great extent in foreign countries, but it is not familiar with and fully Introduced in Korea yet. Therefore the aim of this paper is to suggest a reference data. for the development of High-Workable Concrete according to the comparative analysis which were done on the effects of mix proportion(water-binder ratio, sand-aggregate ratio, unit water, a kind of superplasticizer) on the flowing characteristics. And also this paper aims to examine the compactability and segregation resistance of High-Workable Concrete in a mock-up test and in a field test. From the result, we concluded that it is possible to produce and to use the High-Workable Concrete at the construction site.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.55-73
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• 2018

The substantial slowdown of economic growth since the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 is rekindling debate on whether developing Asia should use fiscal expansion to boost aggregate demand. A key factor in the debate is the effectiveness of countercyclical fiscal policy in the region. The global crisis, as well as the fiscal stimulus packages implemented by developing Asian countries at that time, give some clues to this important issue. The region weathered the global crisis well and experienced a robust V-shaped recovery. According to conventional wisdom, the fiscal stimulus packages put in place by Asian governments played a key role in the region's recovery. The central objective of this paper is to empirically test this wisdom by using cross-country panel data. Our main finding is that the stimulus has had a limited but positive impact on developing Asia's output during the global crisis. This lends some support to the notion that countercyclical fiscal policy can help the region cope with severe external shocks. The broader, more fundamental implication for regional policymakers is that the region's long-standing commitment to fiscal discipline can yield significant benefits beyond macroeconomic stability. An important consequence of this commitment - relatively healthy fiscal balance sheets - enabled the region's governments to quickly and decisively embark upon fiscal stimulus programs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2008

Flowable fill is generally a mixture of sand, fly ash, a small amount of cement and water. Sand is the major component of most flowable fill with waste materials. Various materials, including two waste foundry sands(WFS), an anti-corrosive waste foundry sand and natural soil, were used as a fine aggregate in this study. Natural sea sand was used for comparison. The flow behavior, hardening characteristics, and ultimate strength behavior of flowable fill were investigated. The unconfined compression test necessary to sustain walkability as the fresh flowable fill hardens was determined and the strength at 28-days appeared to correlate well with the water-to-cement ratio. The strength parameters, like cohesion and internal friction angle, were determined for the samples prepared by different curing times. The creep test for settlement potential was conducted. The data presented show that by-product foundry sand, an anti-corrosive WFS, and natural soil can be successfully used in controlled low strength materials(CLSM), and it provides similar or better properties to that of CLSM containing natural sea sand.