• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.206-212
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• 2001

Objective : To determine the clinical and bacteriologic efficacy and safety of Cefprozil in acute pharyngitis and pharyngotonsilitis caused by Group A beta hemolytic streptococci in pediatric patients. Methods : Any patient of 3 to 14 age who visited the hospitals enrolled in this study with the signs and symptoms of pharyngitis or pharyngotonsilitis since July, 2000 to March, 2001, was taken throat culture and given Cefprozil(15 mg/kg/day, in two divided doses) for 10 days. 138 patients of whom showed positive culture results were followed up for the signs and symptoms during the treatment to determine clinical efficacy. Any undesirable effect was reported to determine the safety of the drug. Follow up cultures were done at the end of the study and bacteriologic efficacy was determined. Results : 138 of 256 patients who visited the hospitals with the signs and symptoms of pharyngitis or pharyngotonsilitis showed positive growth on throat culture. Mean age of the patients was $6.1{\pm}2.5$ and males and females were equally numbered. 129 of them complained fever on the first visit and 112(86.6%) of them were improved at the end of the study. Cervical lymphadenitis was seen in 58 patients and 44(75.9%) of them improved at the end of the study. Exudative pharyngitis was seen in 96 patients and 81(84.3%) of them improved. The overall clinical effcacy based on this results showed that 110(79.7%) of the patients were cured and 17(12.3%) of them improved. On the cultures and bacteriologic efficacy, 24.6% of them showed documented eradication after treatment and 62.3% of them showed presumptive eradication. Sensitivity test was done by agar dilution method and Cefprozil showed 100% sensitivity. Erythromycin, Clarithromycin and azithromycin showed 87%, 85.6 %, 90.6% sensitivity, respectively. Conclusion : Cefprozil is proved to be effective in controlling group A streptococcal pharyngitis and pharyngotonsilitis in children and showed good sensitivity. Cefprozil can be used as an effective oral cephalosporin in the patients showing penicillin hypersensitivity or patients who other drugs have failed.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.155-163
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• 2001

Two attenuated Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolates, Paf-CMV and Rs2-CMV that had been selected from CMV isolates associated with satellite RNA (satRNA) were tested for cross-protection effect in pepper plants. The viruses selected as attenuated strains appeared to be identical serologically and physically to the challenge virus (Mf-CMV), but they were lower in the dilution end-point of infectivity of crude sap than Mf-CMV When symptoms were observed in several indicator plants after inoculation, Paf-CMV and Rs2-CMV were symptomless or showed mild mosaic symptoms while another satRNA isolate Ap-CMV developed severe mosaic symptoms on the leaves as Mf-CMV. The nucleotide sequences of the satRNAs were determined by sequencing full-length cDNA clones. Paf-, Rs2- and Ap-satRNAs were 386, 335, and 347 nucleotides long, respectively, The sequences were then compared with the other known Y-satRNA, revealing that nucleotide sequences of the satRNAs consisted of 5'- and 3'-terminal conserved regions. However variations occurred on the middle regions of the sequences, especially those related to symptom interference, showing significant differences between Paf-satRNA and other isolates. Infectious transcripts of Paf-satRNA and Rs2-satRNA induced mild mosaic symptoms in pepper plants when supported by genomic RNAs of Mf-CMV. Under greenhouse conditions, Paf-CMV and Rs2-CMV were tested for cross-protection effect in pepper and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv, Xanthi nc) plants against Mf-CMV. No symptoms were developed on the plants vaccinated with Paf-CMV until 3 weeks after inoculation with the virulent strain; however another attenuated isolate, Rs2-CMV, showed less effectiveness in cross-protection. Depending on the concentration of the challenged virus, symptoms sometimes appeared later in the upper leaves. However, in plants challenged with low concentrations (below 0.2 mg/ml) of the challenge inoculum, symptoms caused by the virulent strain did not develop on the plants vaccinated with Paf-CMV. In the field experiments, the number of pepper plants with severe mosaic symptoms in the control plots was progressively increased after transplanting and reached approximately 50% after 50 days. On the other hand, the incidence of mosaic disease appeared very low on the plants that had received the protective inoculation with Paf-CMV.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.346-353
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• 2002

Purpose : Penicillin- and multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae poses a serious threat to clinicians because the rate of resistance of S. pneumoniae to penicillin in Korea has surged up to the world's highest level. This study was performed to assess the carriage rate, serogroups and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolated from oropharynx in children. Methods : From March to July 1998, 209 children under 5 years of age were recruited from five day care centers. The carriage rate for pneumococci was obtained. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined with the E-test and agar dilution methods. Serogrouping was performed on 48 of the pneumococcal isolates by the Quellung reaction. Results : The carriage rate of S. pneumoniae was 30.1%. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were available for 59 of the isolates. Sixty-six percent of isolates were not susceptible to penicillin, and multidrug-resistance was observed in 76.3% of the isolates. A high proportion of the penicillin-resistant strains showed associated resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oxacillin. The most prevalent oropharyngeal serogroups were 19, 6, 3, 23, and 29. Resistance of the pneumococcal isolates to penicillin was different according to the serogroups. All of the strains of serogroup 19, 23, and 29 was resistant to penicillin but 87.5% of serogroup 3 strains were susceptible to penicillin. Conclusion : The resistance rate of S. pneumoniae isolated from oropharynx in children was very high to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents. For the reduction of the drug-resistant rate of S. pneumoniae, clinicians should be required to be more judicious in their use of antimicrobial agents.