• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.765-769
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• 2005

The essential oil fraction of Ostericum koreanum was analyzed by GC-MS. Inhibiting activities of this oil and its main components were tested by the broth dilution assay and disk diffusion test against one antibiotic-susceptible and two resistant strains of Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed thirty-four compounds; the main components were $\alpha$-pinene (41.12%), $\rho$-cresol (17.99%) and 4-methylacetophenone (7.90%). The essential oil of O. koreanum and its main components were significantly effective against the tested antibiotic-susceptible strains as well as against the resistant strains of the two Salmonella species, with MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) ranging from 2 mg/mL to 16 mg/mL. The anti-Salmonella effects of the oils were dose-dependent on $M\"{u}ller-Hinton$ agar plates in this experiment. Additionally, checkerboard titer test results demonstrated significant combined effects of streptomycin and O. koreanum oil or cresol, one of the main components of this oil, against the two streptomycin resistant strains of S. typhimurium, with FICIs ranging from 0.12 to 0.37.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1978

The difference in antimicrobial susceptibility of multiply drug-resistant Salmonella typhi by the methods of test was tested against chloramphenicol(Cm), tetracycline(Tc), ampicillin(Ap), kanamycin(Km), and rifampicin(Rif), and the results were compared by the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC). No appreciable difference was noted between MICs of Cm, Tc, and Rif measured by agar plate dilution(plate) method and broth dilution(broth) method. However, MICs of Km to about a half of test strains were 4 to 8-fold higher by broth method than plate method, and MICs of Ap by broth method were also a little higher than plate method in some strains. Cm and Rif were bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal to the most of test strains in high concentrations. Tc, Ap and Km were exclusively bactericidal to the test strains.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 1991

These studies were made to assess the present stage of resistance to antibiotics, incidence and transferability of R-factors against E. coli. From March to July 1987, 59 strains of E. coli were isolated from specimens of patients collected at university hospitals in Seoul, 64 strains from stools of domestic animals and 66 strains from drainages in Seoul. These specimens were tested for resistance to 12 kinds of antimicrobial agents by means of agar dilution method. Using Muller-Hinton agar for the assay of drug resistance and tryptic soy broth as propagating medium for conjugation. The strains of E. coli were found to be resistant to one or more antibiotics and were considered to be potential donors of R-plasmid. The resistant strains of E. coli isolated from patients, domestic animals and drainages were found to be 55(93%), 33(52%) and 31(47%), respectively. Resistance to Tc, Ap and Cb was the highest in those isolated from patients and drainages, and resistance to Tc, Cm and Sm was the highest in those isolated from domestic animals. In the transfer test of drug resistance by conjugation method, 17 strains (47%) isolated from patients, 15(54%) isolated from domestic animals and 15(56%) isolated from drainages showed positive results, transperable resistant plasmid molecules with variable range in each strain.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.5-8
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• 2017

An antimicrobial compound has been isolated from the leaves of Glochidion superbum. The compound was determined as methyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate (methyl gallate), based on ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS) analysis. The isolated compound exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against three clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by qualitative agar disc diffusion method and quantitative broth dilution method. Agar disc diffusion was done in a dose-dependent manner for each bacterial isolate at disc potencies of 25, 50, 100, and $150{\mu}g/disc$. The zones of inhibition were on average equal to 12.27, 14.20, 15.43, and 24.17 mm respectively. The inhibition zones were compared with that of vancomycin disc at $30{\mu}g$ as a reference standard. The MIC and MBC values were $50{\mu}g/ml$ and $100{\mu}g/ml$ respectively. The results of anti MRSA activity were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Turkey's HSD and Duncan test. In conclusion, methyl gallate which was isolated from G. superbum showed the inhibition activity against methicillin resistant S. aureus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.72-72
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• 1997

합성한 5종의 6-Exomethylene penamsulfone 유도체의 Type I, Type II, Type III, TypeIV, TEM 효소에 대한 $\beta$-lactamase저해효과를 spectrophotometric assay방법으로 측정하였다. 또한 여기서 우수한 효소억제활성을 보여준 3종의 화합물을 가지고 In vitro antibacterial activity를 Agar dilution method법으로 27종의 $\beta$-lactamase생성균주에 대하여, Sulbactam, Ampicillin 및 Cefoperazone과 병용투여하여 MIC를 측정하였다.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aims to determine the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of combinations of Melastoma malabathricum leaf fraction with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin against pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) patients. Methods: We tested concentrations of 45%, 55%, 65%, and 75% of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin using dilution and agar diffusion methods. The combination of M. malabathricum leaf extract with these antibiotics was tested in vitro against all three bacteria. Results: The combination of M. malabathricum leaf extract and ciprofloxacin gave a FICI value of 0.5, indicating synergistic antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. Conclusion: The results show that the antibacterial effect of a combination of high doses of the leaf extract with either antibiotic is greater than that of the leaf extract and the antibiotics in single use.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.361-366
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• 1995

A virus was isolated from petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) plants showing chlorotic ring spots on the leaves and color breaking on the flowers, and was identified as petunia asteroid mosaic virus (PAMV). Identification of the PAMV was established by host range test, electron microscopy, serological reaction, and physical properties of the virus. In the host range test, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. rustica, N. clevelandii, P. hybrida, Gomphrena globosa, and Chenopodium amaranticolor were systemically infected with the virus. The virus produced local lesions on inoculated leaves of N. tabacum‘Samsun’, N. tabacum‘Xanthi nc’, Datura stramonium, Vigna unguiculata‘White eye’, C. quinoa, Capsicum annuum, Vicia faba, and Lycopersicon esculentum‘Rutgers’. However, Cucurbita sativus and C. moschata did not show any symptoms. PAMV particles were isometric with 30 nm in diameter. The crude sap from G. globosa infected with the virus reacted positively with antiserum to tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) in agar gel double diffusion test. Thermal inactivation point of the virus was 8$0^{\circ}C$ and the virus retained its infectivity at the dilution of 10-4. Longevity in vitro of the virus was estimated longer than 35 days.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2002

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified hemagglutinin of swine influenza virus (H1N1) as antigen was developed for detection of antibody to avian influenza virus (AIV). The sensitivity and specificity of a developed and commercial available ELISA kits were compared with those of agar gel precipitation (AGP) test and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using sera collected from chickens under condition of field exposure. The concentration of antigen, serum dilution and concentration of enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody in developed ELISA (S-ELISA) were 0.5ug/100ul, 1:200 and 0.03ug/100ul, respectively. The correlation coefficients between S-ELISA and commercial ELISA and HI titers were 0.419 and 0.533, respectively. A significant correlation (p < 0.01) was not found between HI and ELISA titers. The S-ELISA was found to be as more sensitive and specific than the AGP test, showing 86.8% sensitivity and 85.3% specificity. It is suggested that the ELISA using the SIV as antigen may be useful method as an investigating tool for AIV serological surveillance.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 1997

The isolation, morphological study and growth characteristics of the algae were investigated from Lake Chuam. The isolated algae were applied the Agal Growth Potential test. The method of isolation and purification of the algae were used to Agar plating(AP), nutrient enrichment(NE), dilution(DI) and micro capillary technique(MC). Total isolated algae were 21 species. They were composed of Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The numbers of algal strain by isolation technique were highest in dilution(21 species), and those of the rests were showed in order of NE > MC > AP. The sizes of isolated Selenastrum and Scenedesmus were $1.8\pm 1.4 \mu m$, $3.3\pm 0.9 \mu m$ in diameter and $6.4\pm 2.3 \mu m$, $13.6\pm 1.9 \mu m$ in length respectively. The morphology of isolated algae and NIES-collection strain was very similar each other, but the size was smaller isolated algae than that of NIES-collection. The optimum culture condition of isolated Selenastrum and Scenedesmus was about 30$\circ$C(25$\circ$C-35$\circ$C) in temperature and the maximum growth was appeared between 7,000 lux and 8,000 lux in the light intensity. The comparison of $\mu$(specific growth rate) on the concentration of nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate, isolated Selenastrum was appeared maximum it at 1.0 mg $NO_3-N/l$ but NIES-collection strain was showed 95% of maximum it at same nitrate concentration. Maximum g of isolated algae and NIES-collection strain in Scenedesmus onto nitrate concentration were very similar with the result of selenastrum. The specific growth rates of isolated algae and NIES-collection strain on the gradient concentration of phosphate were showed 0.72/day and 0.70/day at 0.02 mg $PO_4-P/l$ in Selenastrum but those of Scenedesmus were appeared 0.61/day and 0.57/day at same concentration $PO_4-P$.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2005

Biochemical characteristics, enterotoxin production and antimicrobial susceptibility were determined for 30 strains of Bacillus cereus isolated from stool specimens of diarrhea patients at an university hospital in Chulabuk-do province. Positive rate for VP reaction and citrate utilization were lower, (33 % and 40 % respectively) while the rates of acid production from mannitol, arabinose, and xylose were higher (17 %, 13 % and 3 % respectively) than those obtained by other investigators. The enterotoxin gene was detected in 18 of 30 isolates (60 %) by PCR, and the toxin was detected from all of the toxin gene-positive isolates by RPLA test. The agar dilution test showed that all isolates were resistant to penicillin G and 73 % were to cephalothin, but all were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, gentamicin, rifampin, teracycline and vancomycin. We conclude that B. cereus isolates producing acid from mannitol, arabinose and xylose exist, that PCR can be used to detect enterotoxin genes rapidly and accurately, and that this organism is susceptible to various antimicrobial agents though not penicillin G and cephalothin.