• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.68 no.3
• /
• pp.175-187
• /
• 2023

Peanuts, also known as groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), are globally recognized as a vital oilseed crop. Peanuts are rich in proteins (e.g., arginine), oils (e.g., oleic acid and linoleic acid), fiber, vitamins (e.g., niacin and tocopherol), and carbohydrates and are consumed worldwide. However, the presence of aflatoxin (AF) has garnered substantial attention since its initial discovery as the causative agent of Tukey's X disease in the United Kingdom in 1960. Among the 18 aflatoxins identified, aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) has the highest toxic activity and causes hepatocellular carcinoma. It is classified as Group I by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO). The present study was conducted to evaluate aflatoxin B₁ resistance of 102 peanut accessions and select putative aflatoxin B₁-resistant peanut accessions to aflatoxin B₁. One hundred and one Korean germplasms harvested in 2020 were inoculated with A. flavus to identify aflatoxin-resistant cultivars, and the aflatoxin B₁ concentration was measured using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector. Twenty-six accessions with aflatoxin B₁ concentrations lower than those of the check plant 55-437 were chosen for the development of aflatoxin-resistant varieties in Korea. As Korean aflatoxin-resistant varieties have not yet been developed, the findings of the present study are expected to provide useful information for the development of aflatoxin-resistant cultivars.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.351-357
• /
• 2003

Five kinds of allylthiopyridazine derivatives were synthesized and their chemoprotective activities examined in rats exposed to aflatoxin $B_1$-toxicant. Rats were pretreated with five allylthiopyridazine derivatives at daily oral doses of 50 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days, and during this period with one or three repeated doses of the potent hepatotoxin, aflatoxin $B_1$. The hepatoprotective effects of the allylthiopyridazine derivatives against aflatoxin $B_1$ (1 mg/kg, three times at intervals of 3 days, i.p., or at 3 mg/kg, once at final days, i.p.) administration were showed the significantly normal as compared with control in body and liver weights. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were markedly elevated after aflatoxin $B_1$ administration, and pretreatment with allylthiopyridazine derivatives, before aflatoxin $B_1$ administration, resulted in decreased levels of these enzymes. In addition, the allylthiopyridazine derivatives, K6 (3-methoxy-), K8 (3-chloro-), K16 (3-ethoxy-) and K17 (3-n-propoxy), induced elevated hepatic GSH levels. Four kinds of allylthiopyridazine derivatives investigated were effective against aflatoxin $B_1$ -induced hepatotoxicity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.143-148
• /
• 1974

The interaction of the carcinogenic mycotoxin, Aflatoxin $B_1$, with the electron-donating molecule, benzene, was studied spectrophotometrically. The formation of charge-transfer complex between Aflatoxin $B_1$ and benzene in the presence of zinc chloride was observed and the apparent equilibrium constant of this charge-transfer complex was found to be 0.198 (liter $mole^{-1}$). It is assumed that, as the result of this study, some charge-transfer complexes could be formed between the weak electron-accepting Aflatoxin $B_1$ and strong electron-donating molecules, and the spectral changes occurred in the binding of Aflatoxin $B_1$ with proteins or DNA is attributed to the existence of charge-transfer type interaction.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 2010

Aflatoxin $B_1$, a known human carcinogen, is the member of aflatoxin subfamily that is most frequently found in contaminated foods. Epidemiological studies have suggested that aflatoxins may be associated with human liver cancer and acute hepatitis. Recently it was reported that the traditional medical herbs sold in domestic markets are contaminated with aflatoxins. Long-term administration of these contaminated medicines could result in adverse health effects. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the levels of exposure to aflatoxin in people who ingest traditional herbal medicines. Blood samples were collected, before and after the herbal medicine intake, from 151 subjects who visited the hospital. The metabolite of aflatoxin $B_1$ in blood, aflatoxin $B_1$-albumin (aflatoxin $B_1$-lysine), is reportedly an appropriate internal exposure indicator, and its levels in the collected bloods were therefore analyzed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The analytical method of aflatoxin $B_1$-lysine in blood was firstly optimized in Korea and the levels were detected below quantification limits (2 pg/mg albumin) in this study population. Consequently, the exposure levels of aflatoxin $B_1$ by ingestion of herbal medicines were low but it is important to monitor routinely due to the possibility of risk on the aflatoxin exposure.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.255-259
• /
• 1986

The aflatoxin production by Aspergillus ATCC 15517 decreased in the mixed culture with Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus kawachii, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, or with Aspergillus shirousamii to 1.3%, 13.8%, 1.3%, 0.7%, or 38.5% of that of monoculture respectively. These koji molds degraded $75%{\sim}100%$ of added aflatoxin $B_1\;(791{\mu}g/50ml\;YES medium)$. A. awamori secreted during growth aflatoxin degrading factor(s) which was heat-labile. The degraded aflatoxin by the factor(s) showed no toxicity against Bacillus megaterium NRRL B-1368.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.169-176
• /
• 1974

In order to investigate the producibility of aflatoxins by seven Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from deteriolated rice in Korea, polished rice was artificially inoculated and subjected to isolation and quantitation of the mycotoxin. It was proved that all strains were capable of producing aflatoxins, preferentially $B_1$ but no $G_1$ at all and their producibility was closely related to the color of culture media and chloroform extracts. The strain producing the most aflatoxin was A. flavus var. columnaris, excreting 1 ppm on rice. Aflatoxin $B_1$ was isolated and identified by thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectra and derivative formation of water and acetate adducts.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.338-344
• /
• 2010

Our paper shows the results of 302 samples of herb medicines about fungal contamination at Yakyeang markets in Seoul. The sample medicines were treated VICAM pretreatment and analysed by post column derivatisation procedure(PHRED-HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. Aflatoxin B1 was founded from 50.3% of samples, aflatoxin B2 was 39.7%, aflatoxin G1 was 21.2% and aflatoxin G2 was 23.5%. The detected ranges of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 were from 0.1 to $57.2\;{\mu}g/kg$, 0.1 to $42.6\;{\mu}g/kg$, 0.1 to $23.5\;{\mu}g/kg$ and 0.1 to $9.5\;{\mu}g/kg$ respectively. Among total samples, 26 samples contained aflatoxin B1 violated the regulation (less than 10 ug/kg) for aflatoxin B1 of KFDA. From the result, we could presumed that more than a half of samples were contaminated by aflatoxins. Therefore, it seems to be necessary that the new safety giudeline will be established aflatoxin B2, G1 and G2 from herb medicines as aflatoxin B1.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.123-136
• /
• 1996

To investigate the effect of aflatoxin $B_1$, on survival rate and ultrastructure of liver during chick embryogenesis electron microscopic methods were used. After injection of aflatoxin $B_1$ into the yolk, ultrastructural changes in the liver of chicken embryo were observed. The results were as followed. 1. 12-day old chicken embryos were treated with single injection of aflatoxin $B_1$ with the dose of $0.0005{\mu}g,\;0.005{\mu}g,\;0.05{\mu}g,\;0.5{\mu}g,\;2.5{\mu}g,\;5.0{\mu}g$ each. Chicken embryos treated with the dose of $0.5{\mu}g$ of aflatoxin $B_1$ had survival rate of 22%. The embryos treated with $2.5{\mu}g$ of aflatoxin $B_1$ hardly survived. 2. Chicken embryos treated with $0.05{\mu}g$ of afatoxin $B_1$ had hatched in 30%, but once hatched, they all survived. 3. After administration of $0.05{\mu}g$ of aflatoxin $B_1$ into the 12-day old chicken embryo, the electron microscopic studies were examined during development stages. The nuclei of hapatocytes became irregularly shaped and the structures of endoplasmic reticulum were changed to spherical types at 20-day old chicken embryo. Also, mitochondria became to be dilated and severe fibrosis was induced in the cytoplasm. However, the hepatocytes became almost normal in 30-day old young chicken.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.196-201
• /
• 2006

The efficacy of alcoholic extract of Kasni (Cichorium intybus L.) to control hepatic damage induced by aflatoxin $B_1$ was explored in Swiss albino mice. Aflatoxin $B_1$ was administered orally to the mice with a daily dose of $66.6{\mu}g/kg$ body weight till three months. A signifi-cant increased in thio barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels with concomitant reduction in enzymatic (glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and nonenzymatic (reduced glutathione) antioxidants were shown in aflatoxin treated group of mice. However, there was a significant reduction in increased TBARS levels and elevation in enzymatic. and non enzymatic antioxidant levels in group of mice which received alcoholic extract of kasni (300 mg/kg bw / day) along with aflatoxin. Histopathological analysis of liver samples also confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of kasni extract. These results suggest that kasni shows hepatoprotective effect against aflatoxin $B_1$ induced hepatic damage in mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.177-181
• /
• 1985

Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 with two different levels of inoculum sizes ($10^2$ and $10^6$ spores) was studied on such varieties of soybeans produced in Korea as Bongeui, Hwang Keum, Jangbaek, Danyeop, Jangyeop and Namcheon. With the inoculum size of $10^2$ spores/10 g of soybeans, there were statistically difference (p<0.05) on the production of aflatoxins in the varieties of soybeans. The variety of Namcheon produced 7 times higher amount of aflatoxin $B_1$ than that of Bongeui. The variety of Jangyeop produced the highest level of aflatoxin $G_1$ among the varieties employed. Namcheon and Jangyeop were the varieties which supported high amounts of aflatoxins. Much higher levels of aflatoxins were obtained on the soybeans than on rice in general with the inoculum size of $10^2$ spores. With the inoculum size of $10^6$ spores/10 g of soybeans, significantly lower levels of aflatoxins were synthesized by the mold than those with $10^2$ spores. The variety of Namcheon resulted in the lowest production of aflatoxin $B_1$ while Hwangkeum was the variety that produced highest amount of aflatoxin $B_1$. There were no significant differences within the varieties on the production of aflatoxin $G_1$ by the mold except the variety of Hwangkeum. Lower quantities of aflatoxin $B_1$ were produced by the mold en the soybeans than on rice with the inoculum size of $10^6$ spores.