• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.237-245
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• 1980

Microorganisms growing on Dried-Persimmon have heed isolated ana identified. Fluorescent substance were extracted from a putrefactive Dried-Persimmon after invaded Toxigenic Fungi, and compared with Aflatoxin by Thin layer chromatography and u. v. absorption spectra. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) Fungal invasion was frequently appeared at the beginning of storage, and after then Bacteria invasion was followed. 2) Several Genera of microorganisms (Aspergillus sp., Escherichia sp., Mucor sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp. ) were observed in Dried-persimmon during storage. Aspergillus sp., one of all Genus was predominant. 3) Two strains (Aspergillus flavus Group, Penicillium citrimum Series) of 6 Fungi had Fluorescent substance, which was presumed Aflatoxin-like substance. 4) The Rf value of T. L. C. ana λ max of u. v. absorption spectra showed the same value as the standard of Aflatoxin. It is suppose that the Fluorescent substance in Dried-Persimmon is a Aflatoxin-like substance.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.428-432
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the possible effect of sunlight on the reduction or degradation of mycelia and aflatoxins. The mycelia and aflatoxins were produced by Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517 in a yeast-extract sucrose broth (YES) and potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and then exposed to sunlight. The weight of mycelia was decreased to 76.8% in 8 hours and to 66.7% in 168 hours(p<0.05). The total aflatoxin level was significantly decreased to below 50% (46.3% in the YES broth and 49.6% in the PDA) in 8 hours (p<0.05). After 168 hours, a 90.4％ degradation of aflatoxin in the YES broth and a 77.2% degradation of aflatoxin in the PDA was observed, respectively (p<0.01). The results showed that the degradation ratios of total aflatoxin level increased with increased exposure time to sunlight. These results indicate that sunlight could be an effective factor in aflatoxin degradation although its effect on mycelia was less pronounced.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 1986

As a part of study on prevention from aflatoxin contamination of food and agricultural products, the effects of chloroform extract of various vegetables on the growth and the aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus R-716 were investigated. Among 15 vegetables tested, garlic, zinger. radish and cabbage were effective in inhibiting the growth of the strain, but eggplant and lettuce slightly accelated. Even though mycelial growth was permitted, 4 vegetables inhibited aflatoxin production in the order of radish, zinger, crown daisy and cabbage, on the contrary, edible burdock and red pepper increased. Especially radish was shown to reduce the aflatoxin production per mycelial weight most. With the addition of chloroform extract equivalent 30g of raw radish on solid media of rice and barley, aflatoxin production of the strain was also inhibited about $80\%$ (484ug, 191ug) of that produced in the control (1796ug, l049ug).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.379-385
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• 1995

Ninety Wistar male rats were used to study the effects of vitamin E and Se supplementation to diets containing aflatoxin $B_1$ on the contents of liver lipids and various blood parameters. Two levels of dietary aflatoxin (0 and 1 ppm), 3 levels of vitamin E (30, 60 and 120 IU/kg), and 3 levels of Se (0.1, 1 and 2 ppm) were used to design a $2{\times}3{\times}3$ factorial experiment. Rats, weighing about 200 g, were randomly allotted to 18 cages, 5 rats per cage. The aflatoxin significantly (p < .05) decreased growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency. Aflatoxin increased the glucose level and decreased the cholesterol level in blood significantly. Levels of blood triglyceride, total protein, and albumin were not affected by aflatoxin, vitamin E or Se. Activities of blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly increased by aflatoxin; however, the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the blood was decreased by aflatoxin even in the presence of Se. The vitamin E supplementation decreased the AST activity significantly, while GSH-Px activity increased significantly as the levels of dietary Se increased. The levels of total cholesterol and free cholesterol in the liver were significantly lower in rats receiving aflatoxin, while the extra vitamin E supplementation increased these hepatic cholesterol levels. It was concluded that the extra dietary vitamin E or Se supplementation might partially alleviate some of the harmful effects of aflatoxin in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.89-92
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• 1982

The seeds of 20 barley cultivars were tested for aflatoxin contamination and susceptibility to infection by an aflatoxin-producing mold. When the samples were tested as they arrived, no aflatoxin was detected on any of them. When their moisture was raised to 25% and they were kept as $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks, all expect 2 cultivars showed aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins $B_2$ and $G_2$ were not detected in this incubation period. After wetting (25% moisture) the samples, inoculating them with Aspergillus parasiticus conidia and storing them at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks, all cultivars were found heavily contaminated with aflatoxin, those with seedcoats more so than those without seedcoats.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 1985

The research was carried out for the purpose of finding effects of gerbal saponins on aflatoxin synthesis by Aspergillus parasitics NRRL 2999. A. parasiticus with $10^6$ conidia were grown at $30^{\circ}C$ for 9 days on the enriched medium that is optimum for the frowth and aflatoxins production by the mold. The inhibitory effect on the growth and aflatoxins produced by the mold occurred in the presence of 0.36% of crude red-ginseng saponin showing both the growth and aflatoxins production come to 62.3% (growth), 38.7% (aflatoxin $B_1$) and 22.9% (aflatoxin $G_1$) of the control. Thd next effective saponin to inhibit the growth and aflatoxins production was from burdock seeds. However, saponin extracted from honeysuckle flowers had no inhibitory effect. The mold caused no changes in the pH of the medium when it contained red-ginseng saponin. Red-ginseng saponin was more effective than the white-ginseng in inhibiting both the growth and aflatoxin production.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 1984

生長素를 制限한 培地에서 人蔘製品이 Aflatoxin 생산 菌株인 Aspergillus parasitius의 발육과 독소생산에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 본실험을 실시하였다. 공여된 균주는 미국 Wisconsin대학교 식품과학과 미생물 연구실에서 분주되었으며 독소생산에 최적인 30${\circ}C$에 7일간 배양하였다. 生長素의 減量과 인삼제품의 添加는 Aflatoxin의 생산능력을 저하시켰으나 발육에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. Aflatoxin $B_2$의 생산은 0.1%의 인삼 extract 첨가배지에서 그리고 Aflatoxin $G_1$은 3%의 인삼차 첨가배지에서 최고로 나타났으며, 0.5%의 인삼 extract 첨가배지에서는 Aflatoxin $B_1$과 $G_1$공히 최저로 나타났다. 균주의 포자형성은 인삼차 첨가배지에서 對照群과 인삼 extract 첨가배지 보다 2일 지연되어 나타났다.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 1984

The possible effects of garlic (Aliium sativurn L.) extract on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus R- 716 were investigated. Various solvent extracts of garlic strongly inhibited growth and sporulation by Aspergillus parasiticus R-716, and effective solvents used for extraction of garlic were chloroform, benzene, and water-chloroform. The growth and aflatoxin production decreased with the increase in extract concentration, and extract equivalent 1.5g of raw garlic weight in 25ml SLS medium completely inhibited, and at a level of 1.25g garlic, total aflatoxin was reduced 64% (472 ${\mu}g$/25ml) of that produced in the control (1, 352 ${\mu}g$/25 ml). During cultivation inhibitory rate of growth was reduced from 89.1% to 40% and aflatoxin $B_2$, $G_1$ production increased with the laps of time. Especially garlic extract appeared to have a stimulatory effect on lipid accumulation on the contrary aflatoxin production.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1998

A postcolumn derivatization method was tried for the simultaneous determination of four major aflatoxins ($B_1,\;B_2,\;G_1,\;and\;G_2$) by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. As compared with a previous precolumn derivatization method, it was found that the postcolumn derivatization combined with an electrochemical cell (Kobra cell) was less time-consuming, safer, improved the sensitivity and selectivity, and provided good recoveries for aflatoxin $B_1$ (88.9%) and $G_1$ (100.5%). This method showed linearity from 10~100 ppb for aflatoxin $B_1\;and\;G_1$, and from 3~30 ppb for aflatoxin $B_2\;and\;G_2$. However, aflatoxin Bz and Gz were not detected satisfactorily although they showed good resolution.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.351-357
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• 2003

Five kinds of allylthiopyridazine derivatives were synthesized and their chemoprotective activities examined in rats exposed to aflatoxin $B_1$-toxicant. Rats were pretreated with five allylthiopyridazine derivatives at daily oral doses of 50 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days, and during this period with one or three repeated doses of the potent hepatotoxin, aflatoxin $B_1$. The hepatoprotective effects of the allylthiopyridazine derivatives against aflatoxin $B_1$ (1 mg/kg, three times at intervals of 3 days, i.p., or at 3 mg/kg, once at final days, i.p.) administration were showed the significantly normal as compared with control in body and liver weights. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were markedly elevated after aflatoxin $B_1$ administration, and pretreatment with allylthiopyridazine derivatives, before aflatoxin $B_1$ administration, resulted in decreased levels of these enzymes. In addition, the allylthiopyridazine derivatives, K6 (3-methoxy-), K8 (3-chloro-), K16 (3-ethoxy-) and K17 (3-n-propoxy), induced elevated hepatic GSH levels. Four kinds of allylthiopyridazine derivatives investigated were effective against aflatoxin $B_1$ -induced hepatotoxicity.