• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.177-189
• /
• 2020

The dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is in great peril. The Appellate Body has ceased to function last December as the United States has blocked the appointment of new Appellate Body members since 2017. The focus of this study is on the examination of US's discontent on the Appellate Body and various efforts to reform the Appellate Body. In a recent report, the US Trade Representative raises its concerns on the Appellate Body including 90 days mandatory deadline, transitional rules for outgoing Appellate Body members, scope of appeal, advisory opinions, precedent, recommendation, and overreach without offering any viable solutions. Some of WTO members and experts proposed several Appellate Body reform measures but agreement between WTO members is unlikely in a foreseeable future. Alternative dispute settlement mechanisms should be seriously considered such as interim appeal arbitration arrangements, separate dispute settlement mechanisms for trade remedies, unilateral retaliatory measures without WTO authorization. Rules-based multilateral dispute settlement system is imperative to small open economies like Korea. The Korean government should actively participate in Appellate Body reform discussions with other WTO members to keep the WTO dispute settlement system from collapsing.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.1000-1013
• /
• 2014

This paper presents some of the efforts by the authors towards numerical prediction of springing of ships. A time-domain Higher Order Boundary Element Method (HOBEM) based on cubic shape function is first presented to solve a complete second-order problem in terms of wave steepness and ship motions in a consistent manner. In order to avoid high order derivatives on the body surfaces, e.g. mj-terms, a new formulation of the Boundary Value Problem in a body-fixed coordinate system has been proposed instead of traditional formulation in inertial coordinate system. The local steady flow effects on the unsteady waves are taken into account. Double-body flow is used as the basis flow which is an appropriate approximation for ships with moderate forward speed. This numerical model was used to estimate the complete second order wave excitation of springing of a displacement ship at constant forward speeds.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2016

In this paper, we propose a technique that can be mapped to the most appropriate type of health patterns, depending on the health status of health promotion measures to establish a body mass index (BMI). When used as a mapping scheme proposed in this paper it is possible to contribute to effective healthcare and health promotion. BMI is widely used as a simple way to assess obesity because body fat increases the status and relevance. Despite normal weight determined by this and because of the social atmosphere has increased prefer the skinny tend to try to excessive weight loss. Since health can affect the health maintenance and promotion of the rest of your life, depending on whether and how much weight perception and health can be considered as very important. Therefore, this paper identifies the differences in perception and in this respect for the body mass index (BMI). And physical, mental and map the appropriate type of pattern in the relationship between body mass index (BMI) in order to facilitate the social and health conditions. Proposal to give such a mapping technique provides the opportunity to increase the efficiency of health care and health promotion.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.3-29
• /
• 2020

The WTO's dispute settlement system has played a significant role in settling trade disputes between countries, and its function and role have been expanded by handling about 596 disputes since its establishment in 1995. This shows that the WTO's dispute settlement system is gaining enormous trust among member countries that it recognizes as a fair, effective, and efficient system for resolving trade disputes. The U.S. remains uncooperative in the WTO dispute settlement system, citing disregard for the 90-day deadline for appeals, continued service by persons who are no longer A.B. members, issuing advisory opinions on issues not necessary to resolve a dispute, A.B. review of facts, and review of a member's domestic law de novo. The A.B. claims its reports are entitled to be treated as a precedent. These problems should be gradually improved through various discussions and agreements by establishing a multilateral forum for resolving disputes and gradually ending the problems through reform of the DSU.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2002

The aim of this study was to introduce the history and development of German organic farming(Bio-dynamic Agriculture and organic agriculture) which has a worldwide reputation and initiative in organic agriculture. And also the organization of organic producer's or farmer's group such as AGOL, POB, OSL, ALOG & Schweisfurth Stiftung and its regional distribution, the basic standard of organic farming and certification system for organic food, an actual cultivated area for organic forming and organic livestock were also shortly reported. The government subsidizing programmes and Agenda 2000, the extension services for organic farming by government and private level, the research activities of organic agriculture by governmental research body(FAL) and universities, the education system for organic agriculture in the German universities(University of Bonn, Gesamthochschule Kassel, University of Hohenheim, University of Gie$\beta$en and etc) were also explained. In the conclusion it was suggested several issues what should be considered to facilitate an organic farming in Korea in the view of organic production, marketing, distributing, extension and organic processing.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.59.1-59.5
• /
• 2022

Korean Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is currently facing some operational pressing issues. 1) Review of the animal protocol containing controversial technology. 2) Review of the multi-institution animal protocol. 3) Review of veterinary clinical trials for client-owned animals. 4) Delay in the review process in large institutions with a single IACUC. Here, the following three solutions are proposed to address the above issues. 1) Establishment of public IACUC. 2) Establishment of the Veterinary Clinical Study Committee as an advisory body to the IACUC. 3) Operating multiple committees rather than increasing the number of committee members on a single committee.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.321-326
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to critique the links between science and scientific researchers, politics and capital surrounding vaccines and vaccination in a pandemic era. It also introduces standards for adapting ethical guidelines for research under public health emergencies to specific circumstances and contexts. It also introduces ethical standards to be applied to scientific research. that is, scientific relevance, social value, cooperative partnerships, reasonable risk-benefit costs, fair and voluntary participation, independent review, and equal moral respect for participants and affected communities. It also outlines the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic-consent and other research procedure modifications proposed by Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU). We are on the lookout for powerful capital and hegemonic groups inseparable from politics and important decision makers in the pandemic era - that is, scientists, supporters, and scientific civic groups. It underscores the need for an independent and formal scientific advisory body with the right balance between science and politics.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.179-198
• /
• 2017

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (The Guidelines) was initially promulgated in 1976 as a form of annex to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. The Guidelines aims at accomplishing the implementation and dissemination of the Responsible Business Conduct. The latest version of The Guidelines, as revised in 2011, directed 47 adhering countries to The Guidelines to set up their respective National Contact Points (NCPs). NCPs are The Guidelines' dispute resolution mechanism for specific instances arising from breach by multinational enterprises of The Guidelines. Korea to date has its own NCP performing its role to offer good offices and facilitates settlement between the parties to the specific instances regarding The Guidelines. However, there has been strong criticism from NGOs and civil society that Korea NCP has not performed well due to lack of transparency and impartiality, especially in the context of the governance of Korea NCP. Under this circumstance, this paper ⅰ) examines current status and problems of Korea NCP, ⅱ) evaluates the core criteria for function and governance of NCPs through a comparative overseas cases study, and ⅲ) suggests improvement plans for Korea NCP.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.13 no.2 s.20
• /
• pp.91-100
• /
• 2007

In this paper, We tried to analyze the patent trend on constitution diagnosis and treatment related technologies. For this, constitution diagnosis and treatment related technologies divided into 16 sub-technology by the advisory committee. And we analyzed patents applied in Korea, Japan, U.S.A., China, and Europe. The 16 sub-technology consist of pulse analyzer, skin diagnosis, tongue analyzer, face and body detector, face analyzer, voice analyzer, intelligence ontology, meridian diagnosis, infrared thermography, electric stimulation, laser, high and low frequency, physical, magnetic, and ultrasound therapy. As a result we found that patents of constitution diagnosis and treatment in Korea has been growing steadily in both quality and quantity since 1980s. The number of patent the pulse analyzer and low frequency therapy are larger than others. But applied relevant international patents, marketability of the patent and Cites per Patent (CPP) index are shown to be very low. In conclusion, to occupy key original technologies of the Oriental medical device, we need to apply more patent of the whole related technology and international patents.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.107-113
• /
• 2016

In this paper, by managing the biometric data is changed with the passage of time, a systematic and scientifically propose a framework to increase the bio-vector generation efficiency of the smart health care. Increasing the development of human life as a medicine and has emerged smart health care according to this. Organic and efficient health management becomes possible to generate a vector when the biological domain to the wireless communication infrastructure based on the measurement of the health status and to take action in accordance with the change of the physical condition. In this paper, we propose a framework to create a bio-vector that contains information about the current state of health of the person. In the proposed framework, Bio vectors may be generated by collecting the biometric data such as blood pressure, pulse, body weight. Biometric data is the raw data from the bio-vector. The scope of the primary data can be set to active. As the collecting biometric data from multiple items of the bio-recognition vectors may increase. The resulting bio-vector is used as a measure to determine the current health of the person. Bio-vector generating the proposed framework, it can aid in the efficiency and systemic health of healthcare for the individual.