• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.561-570
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• 2006

Purpose: This study attempted to identify influential variables on smoking temptation between groups: adolescent smokers and adult smokers. Method: A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea. Univariate statistics and regression were used for data analysis. Result: The most powerful predictor of smoking temptation for adolescent smokers was nicotine dependency. On the other hand, the most powerful predictor of smoking temptation for adult smokers was self-efficacy for smoking abstinence. In the high smoking temptation group, depression and nicotine dependency were the predictors for smoking temptation for adolescent smokers and nicotine dependency and pros for smoking were the predictors for smoking temptation for adult smokers. In the low smoking temptation group, cons for smoking and process of change for smoking abstinence were the predictors on smoking temptation for adolescent smokers and self-efficacy for smoking abstention and pros for smoking were the predictors on smoking temptation for adult smokers. Conclusion: There were different influential variables on smoking temptation according to age groups and level of smoking temptation. Smoking-cessation interventions should be tailored to the level of smoking temptation of the individual smokers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to identify predictors differentiating the preparation stage, which is the stage that the smoker is ready to quit smoking, between adolescent smokers and adult smokers. Method: A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea from August 2003 to April 2005. To identify the predictors before and after preparation in stages of change of smoking, logistic regression was done. Results: The predictors for before preparation in stages of change of smoking were process of change for smoking abstinence for adolescent smokers and depression for adult smokers. The predictors for after preparation in stages of change of smoking were self-efficacy for smoking abstinence for adolescent smoker and self-efficacy for smoking abstinence and smoking temptation for adult smokers. Conclusion: For each group, adolescent smokers and adult smokers, specific smoking intervention methods need to be developed based on the different ways individuals make the decision to quit smoking within their contexts.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1410-1419
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• 2005

Purpose: This study identified and compared influential variables on intention and action to quit smoking between adolescent smokers and adult smokers. Methods: For the selection of variables, the transtheoretical theory was used. A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea. Discriminant analysis was used for data analysis Results: The variables of adolescent smokers that predicted an intention to quit smoking were: smoking temptation, self re-evaluation, counter conditioning and stimulus control. The variables that predicted an action to quit smoking were: self-efficacy for smoking abstinence, pros for smoking, self reevaluation, and self liberation. The variables of adult smokers that predicted an intention to quit were: smoking temptation, pros for smoking, cons for smoking, self reevaluation. The variables that self liberation and predicted an action to quit smoking were: self efficacy for smoking abstinence, smoking temptation, and counter conditioning. Conclusions: Developing stage specific smoking intervention methods based on different ways of how individuals make a decision to quit smoking within their contexts needs to be done.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.228-237
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the smoking status among adult workers, and current status of sugar intake. Methods: The survey included 500 men working in Gyeonggi-do from October to November in 2016. Questionnaire items covered their age, working status, smoking status, eating habits, eating behaviors, snack consumption status, habits and behaviors related to sugar intake. All data were analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 23) and descriptive statistics was performed; a t-test, ${\chi}^2$ test, One-way ANOVA and Scheffe test were used for post-hoc test. Results: The study results showed that eating habits and behaviors of non-smokers were better than those of smokers. The frequency of daily snack consumption was the highest in smokers compared to and non-smokers. The smokers' favorite taste after smoking was 'Sweet'. The average score of sugar-related nutrition knowledge was higher in non-smokers compared to smokers. Non-smokers had better recognition of 'sugar reduction', and smokers were more likely to eat sweet foods, respectively. On the other hand, non-smokers could observe that they were trying to control themselves for health reasons. According to the results of the study, non-smokers showed better eating habits and dietary habits and consumed less sugar. Also, it was found that non-smokers tried to drink more water than beverages and refrain from eating sweets to reduce their sugar intake. Further, the most of the bread, coffee and beverages were also consumed at a lower frequency by non-smokers compared to smokers. Conclusions: This study results showed that smoking and sugar consumption were closely related. Therefore, adult workers should actively promote and learn so that they can maintain healthy and suitable dietary habits through reduction of sugar consumption.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.563-572
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• 2003

Purpose: This study aimed to compare differences on sexual satisfaction between non-smokers and smokers of Korean adult males. Method: The subjects of this study were 304 current smokers and 331 current non-smokers(stop smokers, never smokers) (58.0%). Because of the nature of the study, the participants were recruited through a home page advertisement of a brand newspaper company in Korea, and the survey was done through Internet system. The tool to measure participant's sexual satisfaction was adopted from the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale-Male. Result: Participant's age ranged from 20 to 49, mostly in their 30s-40s(96.1%). They were smoking average of 15 cigarettes per day. There were no significant difference on sexual satisfaction between current smokers and non-smokers( t=-.55, p>.05). However, there were significant difference on sexual satisfaction between ever smokers(n=481) and never smokers(n=154) (t=2.10, p<.05). There were significant differences an erectile and orgasm satisfaction according to number of cigarettes they smoked per day. 54.5% smokers who said that they have difficulty in keeping erectile state considered on smoking cessation within 30 days whereas 24.2% in those who said that keeping erectile state was easy. Conclusion: Informing about the high risk of sexual dysfunction with cigarette smoking should become a important part of smoking cessation education and for smoking adolescents.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was to compare the stop-smoking rate and nicotine dependency for an adult smoker after implementing the smoking cessation program. Method: Fourty-six adult smokers participated. Self report questionnaire and telephone interview were conducted at the pretest, 6 months later, 1 year later, 2 years later, 3 years later. Result: 1. Stop-smoking rate of smoking cessation program participants was 43.5% 6 months later, 35.6% 1 year later, 24.4% 2 years later, 45.5% 3 years later. 2. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 6 months later(paired-t=4.719, p=.000). 3. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 1 year later(pired-t=4.296=.000). 4. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 2 years later(paired-t=2.778. p=.000). 5. The mean of nicotine dependency for continuing smokers was significantly decreased 3 years later(paired-t=2.795. p=.000). Conclusion: The smoking cessation program was effective to induce cessation in the adult smoker, and to decrease nicotine dependency in the continuing adult smoker.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.364-371
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the factors associated with intention to quit smoking in community-dwelling male adult smokers in Korea. Methods: This study was cross-sectional research that used data of 4,010 male smokers. Data from the 2013 Community Health Survey were analyzed through multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the male adult smokers, 65.64% reported that they had an intention to quit smoking. In the logistic regression analysis, age, amount of smoking per day, previous attempts to quit smoking, exposure to smoking-quitting campaigns, and toothbrushing after lunch were significantly associated with intention to quit smoking. Conclusion: These factors should be considered in developing policies and population-based smoking cessation programs to increase smoking cessation among Korean men.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was done to analyze subjectivity of smoking among adult smokers. Method: Q-methodology which provides a scientific method on subjectivity, was used. Result: Five types of smoking among adult smoker were identified Type I, Concerning Significant Others; Type II, Pursuing Psychological Comfort; Type III, Habitual Craving; Type IV, Pursuing Social Relations and Type V, Maintaining Self Control. Stage of change and methods of stress relieving were revealed to be factors influencing the smoking modes among the adult smokers. Conclusion: The five types of smoking and factors influencing them as revealed in this study provide a better understanding of smokers. Smoking styles and subjective values about smoking provide insight for nursing interventions for smoking.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.287-291
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• 2005

The quantitative contents of carbon monooxide in fresh blood for smokers and nonsmokers were measured by uv-visible spectrophotometric methods on the teenagers and adults. As a result, all blood contained some level of carbon monooxide. Typical teenager nonsmokers had a carbon monooxide level between 2.45 and 2.73%, smokers had a between 7.64 and 8.81%. On the other hand, adult nonsmokers contained carbon monooxide to 3.55% in fresh blood and adult smokers had 10.64%. This means that smokers have more carbon monooxide in blood than nonsmokers at the all ages.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.384-394
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• 2017

Cessation and re smoking is recursive and addictive behaviors. Understanding differences in awareness of smokers and nonsmokers is fundamental to devise smoking policies. Research is focused on male adult's choices of educators and motivation level by personal attributes and awareness. There was a difference in awareness of smoking policies between smokers and nonsmokers. Community health centers and physicians were preferred for antismoking educator but not different between smokers and nonsmokers. Motivational levels of cessation in pictures of lung cancer, dental therapy, cigarette taxation, smoking area restriction and social marketing were statistically significant. The results indicate that male adult smokers are Motivated to quit smoking by those five contributors[P=.000].