• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2015

The aim of this work is to compare the vowel formants of the ten adult female speakers in their twenties and thirties from the Seoul corpus[7] with those of corresponding Korean male speakers from the same corpus and of American female speakers from the Buckeye corpus[4]. In addition, various linguistic factors that are expected affect the formant frequencies were examined to account for the distribution of the vowel formants. Formant frequencies extracted from the Seoul corpus were also compared to those from read speech. The results showed that the formant distribution of the spontaneous speech was very different from that of the read speech, while the comparison between the female and male speakers was similar in both languages. To a greater or lesser degree, the potential linguistic factors influenced the formant frequencies of the vowels.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.190-197
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• 2003

This study was designed to investigate the function of estrogen in related with the effects of the antiestrogen on morphologic changes of efferent ductules of the adult male mouse. Estrogen is synthesized in the male reproductive system and is found in high concentrations in rete and seminal fluids. Adult male mice, 30 days old, were injected subcutaneously with ICI(5mg/mouse) once per week for 8 weeks. Tissues were fixed by vascular perfusion on days 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 25 and 59 post-treatment. The lumen of efferent ductules began to dilate from the day 8 and continued to the day 59 post-treatment. Epithelial cell height in the efferent ductules of the treated mice decreased all the time periods, compared to the control. Cell height in proximal region of the efferent ductules in the treated groups decreased most by 38%. Supranuclear cytoplasmic height in epithelial cell of the ducts also showed the decrease of 46%, 39% and 33% in proximal, conus and common regions in the treated groups, respectively. ICI 182,780 treatment in the male mouse reproduced a similar morphological abnormalities that were observed in the efferent ductules of the ${\alpha}ERKO$ mouse.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2010

Objectives: Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is a liquid compound obtained by condensation of two molecules of epichlorohydrin with one molecule of bisphenol A. General and reproductive toxicity with BADGE has been reported higher than 1000 mg/kg/day. This study was performed to show the effects of acute exposure to BADGE below 1000 mg/kg/day on the testis in adult male rats. Methods: BADGE was administered by gastric lavage in a single dose of 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day in 8-week old male SPF Sprague-Dawley rats. The right testis was processed for light microscopic analysis. The left testis was homogenized and spermatids were counted to determine the daily sperm production and daily abnormal sperm production. The sperm count, sperm motility, and incidence of abnormal sperm were estimated in the epididymis. In testicular sections, the seminiferous tubules were observed for qualitative changes. The progression of spermatogenesis was arbitrarily classified as full-matured, maturing, and immature. The specimen slide was observed at 3 points and 10 seminiferous tubules were evaluated at each point. Results: The male rats exposed to single oral dose of BADGE at 750, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day were significantly increased the number of immature and maturing sperm on the testis. There were no significant differences with respect to sperm head count, sperm motility, and sperm abnormality in the BADGE treatment groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that single oral exposure of BADGE 750 mg/kg/day can affect adult male testis development.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.321-331
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to identify the incidence risk of cardicerebrovascular disease (CVD) among male bus drivers, and to examine and compare the predictors of their health behavior according to the level of CVD incidence risk. Methods: The convenience sample of 222 male bus drivers were recruited from a bus company located in Jeonnam province. Data were collected from self-reported questionnaires and annual medical examination records from 2010. The CVD incidence risk was calculated based on the risk criteria for industrial workers. Results: The 26.6% and 26.1% of the participants were in the moderate and high risk group, respectively. The 72% of the participants were in the precontemplation stage and reported no intention to change their unhealthy lifestyles. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that current smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, physical inactivity and lack of knowledge were negative predictors of good health behavior in the normal/low risk group (Adj $R^2$=.443). Heavy alcohol drinking, current smoking, physical inactivity and dyslipidemia were reported by the moderate/high risk group (Adj $R^2$=.427). Conclusion: This study suggested that targeted education and counseling are needed to modify unhealthy lifestyles such as alcohol consumption, smoking and exercise among middle aged male drivers. Especially, dyslipidemia should be managed among those who are at risk for CVD.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-64
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• 1995

Stability of resistance of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) to dicofol was investigated. Resistance level (23.0-fold) of adult females to dicofol was kept up to 1 year without selection by dicofol, but was decreased to 15.8-, 10.7-fold after 2 and 3 years, respectively. Susceptibility of adult females obtained from reciprocal crosses $(R_{female}\timesS_{male},R_{male}\times S_{female})$ of the R and S stains to dicofol was declined by the success of generation.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.219-229
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 weeks smoking cessation program(SCP) developed by researchers. Method: One group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The subjects were 88 male university students who consented to participate in the 8 weeks SCP. The SCP in this study consisted of a stop-smoking class, e-mail, SMS(short message service), cellular phone, internet cafe, displayed panel, and patch or acupuncture for quitting smoking. Korean version of questionnaire for nicotine dependency by Ahn et al.(2002), the smoking self-efficacy scale translated by Choi(1999) and subjects' opinion about the SCP were measured. The data were analyzed by using frequency, Chi-Square test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS WIN 10.1 Program. Results: 1) The rate of quitting smoking was 31.8% after 8 weeks SCP. 2) There was no significant decrease in the nicotine dependency score among smoking subjects after SCP. 3) There was a significant increase in self-efficacy after SCP. The mean score of self -efficacy in the quitting smoking group increased significantly, but did not significantly change in the smoking group. 4) The stop-smoking class was the most helpful among contents of the SCP. Contents of the SCP except for internet cafe were useful for quitting smoking in this study. Conclusion: The above results indicated that the 8 weeks SCP would be a helpful intervention to quit smoking for male university students.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.35-51
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• 2007

This research was administered in order to know the effects of heels on the foot by comparing the foot environmental characteristics when common shoes and elevated shoes are worn. First, 157 male adults in their 20s through 40s living in Busan were the inquiry subjects to reveal the shoes-wearing reality of adult males. Second, 7 male adults in their early 20s became the subjects for the experiments of wearing common shoes and elevated shoes. 1. Inquiry Results of Shoes-Wearing Reality Common-shoes wearers were in the order: 20s (43.9%) > 30s (24.8%) > 40s (8.3%). Elevated-shoes wearers were mostly 20s (12.1%), followed by 30s (8.3%) and 40s (2.5%). Among the wearing effects of elevated shoes were 'looking taller' (66.7%), 'no height complex & more confidence' (30.6%), and 'higher work efficiency' (2.8%). In sum, 97.3% of the male subjects believed in great positive effects by wearing elevated shoes. 2. Shoes-Wearing Experiment Results In foot skin temperature, significant differences between the two groups were admitted in outer foot a (p<0.05) and other areas (p<0.001), except in the instep. Elevated-shoes group had bigger skin temperature, while the order of temperature was the instep, the big toe, inner foot a/b/c and outer foot a/b/c. Significant difference was accepted in total sweat rate (p<0.05) and local sweat rate (p<0.01). Elevated-shoes group appeared higher in both rates. Significant difference (p<0.001) between the two groups was recognized in fatigue degrees after wearing, whereas significance (p<0.05) in elevated-shoes group was approved in fatigue before and after exercise. So elevated-shoes group experienced more fatigue, especially after exercise.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1977

A study was performed to investigate the size of tongue area and intermaxillary space area, and compare the sexual differences between normal Korean children and adults by introducing planimetric and linear analysis of the lateral cephalograms. The cephalograms were composed of 41 child male aged 10.8, 40 child female aged 10.5, 38 adult male aged 21.3 and 40 adult female aged 20.8 respectively. In order to study and measure the intermaxillary space area, the followings were selected, as reference items: occlusal plane, anterior intermaxillary space height, posterior intermaxillary space height, length of intermaxillary space. Among those reference items anterior intermaxillary space height and posterior intermaxillary space height were perpendicular to the maxillary plane. An. index, (equation omitted) While the tongue area was plotted by outline of tongue shadow, above a line extending from the vallecula to the most anterior point on the hyoid body, and above a line from the most anterior point of the hyoid body to the menton. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In general the measurements of male were larger than those of female in intermaxillary space area in childhood and adulthood group. but intermaxillary space area of childhood group showed no significant sexual difference, and that of adulthood group showed significant sexual difference when evaluated statistically. 2. In both groups the measurements of male were larger than those of female in tongue area and there are also statistical significance of sexual differences in both age groups. 3. Considerable growh changes between the childhood and adulthood groups were revealed in intermaxillary space area and tongue area, and the tongue had tendency to become relatively smaller when compared with the intermaxillary space in both sex.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.135-150
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• 2009

Objectives : Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic disease of the bone, and one of the most important public health problems around the world. Obesity rate gradually increases as women grow older. The purpose of the study was to investigate the changes between bond mineral density(BMD) and body mass index(BMI) according to sex and age. Methods : We measured the bone mineral density(BMD) of lumber spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck in 10000 normal adult, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; DPX-alpha). and also measured the body mass index(BMI) in 9810 normal adult. then we analysed the changes of BMD and BMI according to sex and age. Results : 1. As getting older, male's T-score of lumbar spine(L2-L4) was slowly decreased. On the other hand, female's T-score of lumbar spine was sharply dropped after 46 years old. 2. As getting older, male's T-score of femoral was slowly decreased. On the other hand, female's T-score of femoral was sharply dropped after 49 years old. 3. Irrespective of age, male's BMI keep up the extent within a definite period of numerical value. As getting older, female's BMI continued its upward trend. Conclusions : Much more attention should be needed for female patient suffering from osteoporosis and obesity than male.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.85-100
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to analyze body measurements, BMI and body type according to age in the male and female groups based on 3D scan body measurement data of adult men and women in their 20's~30's and to provide basic information usable in the clothing and fashion industry. For this purpose, we analyzed 3D scan body measurement data of 848 adults measured in the 6th Size Korea project and the results were as follows. First, there were differences in 3D scan body measurements according to age in the male and female groups, and in general the measurements of the height items were larger in younger adults and the measurements of the circumference, breadth and depth items were larger in older ones. Second, there were differences in 3D scan body measurements according to BMI in the male and female groups, and in general body measurements were largest in the obesity group and lowest in the underweight group. Third, BMI was different according to gender and in general BMI was higher in men and obesity and overweight were more frequent in men than in women. Moreover, BMI was significantly different according to age and was higher in the 30's than in the 20's. Fourth, the mean difference in the drop and lower drop values according to age in the male and female groups was significant, and the drop and lower drop values were lower in the 30's than in the 20's. These results are considered meaningful as data for the development of clothing size systems, patterns and grading in the areas of clothing and fashion targeting consumers in their 20's~30's.