• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.589-594
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• 2017

Ginseng effectively regulates the immune response and the hormonal changes due to stress, thus maintaining homeostasis. In addition to suppressing the occurrence of psychological diseases such as anxiety and depression, ginseng also prevents stress-associated physiological diseases. Recent findings have revealed that ginseng is involved in adjusting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and controlling hormones, thus producing beneficial effects on the heart and brain, and in cases of bone diseases, as well as alleviating erectile dysfunction. Recent studies have highlighted the potential use of ginseng in the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergic asthma. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of ginseng on these stress-related diseases has not been completely established. In this review, we focus on the disease pathways caused by stress in order to determine how ginseng acts to improve health. Central to our discussion is how this effective and stable therapeutic agent alleviates the anxiety and depression caused by stress and ameliorates inflammatory diseases.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.68-72
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• 2001

Prenatally diagnosed neuroblastomas have been reported in increasing numbers over the past several years. The vast majority are in favorable stages of the disease (stage I, II, IV-S). The authors experienced one case of stage IV-S neuroblastoma of the adrenal gland with liver metastasis, which regressed spontaneously after removal by adrenalectomy. This patient was noticed to have an abdominal mass at prenatal ultrasonography performed at 36weeks of gestation. This tumor was a neuroblastoma of the left adrenal gland with multiple liver metastases. Left adrenalectomy and liver biopsy were performed at 3 months of age. Thirty-eight months after surgery, an MRI demonstrated that the hepatic metastatic lesions had completely regressed without chemotherapy or radiation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.307-311
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• 2016

Pulmonary strongyloidiasis is an uncommon presentation of Strongyloides infection, usually seen in immunocompromised hosts. The manifestations are similar to that of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, the diagnosis of pulmonary strongyloidiasis could be challenging in a COPD patient, unless a high index of suspicion is maintained. Here, we present a case of Strongyloides hyperinfection in a COPD patient mimicking acute exacerbation, who was on chronic steroid therapy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.187-197
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• 2018

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequent comorbid condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Pneumonia is the most common infectious disease condition. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the impact of pneumonia in patients with COPD. We will evaluate the epidemiology and factors associated with pneumonia. We are discussing the clinical characteristics of COPD that may favor the development of infections conditions such as pneumonia. Over the last 10 years, there is an increased evidence that COPD patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids are at increased risk to develp pneumonia. We will review the avaialbe information as well as the possible mechanism for this events. We also discuss the impact of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in the prevention of pneumonia in COPD patients.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 2014

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a uncommon metabolic disorder which derived by peroxismal ${\beta}$-oxidation and elevation of serum very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA). VLCFA is mainly accumulated in the myelin of the central nervous system and adrenal cortex, by which the expressed symptoms of this disease are mainly neurologic and endocrinologic (such as adrenal insufficiency). The mutations in the ABCD1 gene causes X-linked ALD, nevertheless its phenotypes and genotypes are poorly coordinated. We report the case of a 12-year-old boy with X-linked ALD who developed vomiting, fatigue and poor oral intake. Severe dehydration and hyponatremia were found in initial physical examination and laboratory test, but his motor/sensory nerve function and mental status were completely normal. We diagnosed ALD with diffuse high-intensity signal in both parietotemporal cerebellar white matter in brain MRI and elevated serum VLCFA. Later, we confirmed a novel c.1635-1G>A (IVS6-1G>A) mutations of the ABCD1 gene. With the discrepancy between its phenotypes and genotypes, various phenotypes could be seen in X-ALD patient. Careful examination and further studies for these patients will be needed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 2016

21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD), most common form of congenial adrenal hyperplasia, is categorized into classical forms, including the salt-wasting (SW) and the simple virilizing (SV) types, and nonclassical (NC) forms based on the severity of the disease. Newborn screening for 21-OHD has been performed in Korea since 2006. $17{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is a marker for 21-OHD and is measured using a radioimmunoassay or a fluoroimmunoassay. Premature and low birth weight infants are likely to give false positive 17-OHP findings, therefore, cutoff values for these infants should be determined based on gestational weeks or birth weight. ACTH simulation test is helpful when the 17-OHP shows equivocal increase, and it is gold standard for diagnosis of NC type. Recently, liquid chromatography linked with tandem mass spectrometry was developed for rapid, highly specific, and sensitive analysis of multiple analytes. Molecular analysis of CYP21A2 is useful for confirming diagnosis of mild SV or NC type, predicting prognoses, and genetic counseling. In order to make newborn screening for 21-OHD more efficient, early detection of boy with SW type, early determination of girl with ambiguous genitalia, detection of NC type, and overcoming of false positive in premature and low birth weight infants should be considered. Above all, early treatment should be started when the patient is suspected as having 21- OHD clinically before confirming the diagnosis to prevent adrenal crisis. Here, author reviewed recent articles of guideline and proposed guideline for 21-OHD.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.67-83
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• 2006

The present study examined that in Vivo/Vitro test is investigated in normotensive sham-operated rats (NSR) and aldosterone-analogue deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats (ADHR) and that the antihypertensive effect was induced by silver spike point (SSP) electrical stimulation at meridian points(CV-3, -4, Ki-12, SP-6, LR-3, BL-25, -28, -32, -52), specifically, such as aldosterone in 24 hour urine analysis from healthy volunteer. The gross examination and morphometric-histological changes, such as hypertrophy, production of necrotic tissues, and the changes of cell arrangement on the kidney, and adrenal gland were markedly observed in aldosterone-analogue DOCA-salt hypertensive rats compared with those from normotensive sham-operated rats. The systolic blood pressure, weight of kidney and adrenal gland were significantly increased in ADHR than that in NSR. The required time of PSS-induced resting tone was significantly increased in ADHR than that in NSR. However, the voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) currents were significantly decreased in ADHR than that in NSR. The urine analysis showed that the concentration of aldosterone was significantly decreased in resting state from the elderly people compared with those from the adolescent healthy volunteer. The current of 1 Hz continue type of SSP electrical stimulation significantly decreased in the concentration of aldosterone of 24 hour urine from the elderly people. These results suggest that the development of aldosterone analogue-induced hypertension is associated with changed the weight of kidney and adrenal gland, blood pressure, resting tone and Kv currents, which directly affects blood pressure. Therefore, the hypertension is a risk factor on cerebrovascular disease. Moreover, these results suggest that the diminished responsiveness to SSP electrical stimulation, especially current of 1Hz continue type, in elderly people may be, in part, related by the increased of antihypertensive effects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.57-76
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• 2009

Objective : All kinds of stimulus can be work as a stressor, and too much stress can makes disease and leads to a death. It has studied to know what kinds of study have carried out for controlling stress with acupuncture. Methods : It has searched articles in various web sites with key words of acupuncture, stress, hormone, adrenal, cortisol, catecholamine, epinephrine, and ACTH. Result : 1. It will work in the hypothalamus-pituitary gland-adrenal axis to control stress with acupuncture. 2. It has studied most in the years of 1990's and with acupoint of BL23 (腎兪) about controlling stress with acupuncture in Korea. 3. It has studied most in USA, the years of 2000's and with acupoints of ST36 (足三里), PC6 (內關) about controlling stress with acupuncture in Korea. Conclusion : It can be said that is growing interest about controlling stress with acupuncture in other countries, and it should be studied more various about controlling stress with acupuncture in Korea.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2009

With the widespread use of the obstetrical ultrasound, identification of a fetal suprarenal mass becomes more common. Most of these masses prove to be congenital neuroblastomas (CNB) postnatally. However, the diagnosis is often confused with other benign lesions and the post-natal management remains controversial. The medical records of 13 patients that underwent primary surgical excision for an antenatally detected adrenal CNB, between January 1995 and April 2009, were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical, radiological, surgical, and pathological data on the suprarenal mass were collected. Staging evaluation was performed after histological confirmation of the CNB. Most of the CNBs were stage I (N=11), with 1 stage IV and 1 stage IV-S. Four patients (3 stage I and 1 stage IV-S) had N-myc gene amplification. The stage I patients were cured by surgery alone, and stage IV patients underwent 9 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy and currently have no evidence of disease after 39 months of follow-up. The patient with stage IV-S is currently receiving chemotherapy. There were no post-operative complications. For early diagnosis and treatment, surgical excision should be considered as the primary therapy for an adrenal CNB detected before birth. The surgery can be safely performed during the neonatal period and provides a cure in most cases. Surgical diagnosis and treatment of CNB is recommended in neonatal period.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2016

Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS) is a rare form of syndromic craniosynostosis with additional systemic synostosis, including radiohumeral or radioulnar synostosis. Another characteristic feature of ABS is mid-facial hypoplasia that leads to airway narrowing after birth. ABS is associated with mutations in the FGFR2 and POR genes. Patients with POR mutations present with either skeletal manifestations or congenital adrenal hyperplasia with ambiguous genitalia. We report here two cases of ABS caused by mutations in FGFR2 and POR. Although the patients had craniosynostosis and radiohumeral synostosis in common and cranioplasty was performed in both cases, the male with POR mutations showed an elevated level of $17{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone during newborn screening and was diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia by adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation. This patient has been treated with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. He had no ambiguous genitalia but had bilateral cryptorchidism. On the other hand, the female with the FGFR2 mutation showed severe clinical manifestations: upper airway narrowing leading to tracheostomy, kyphosis of the cervical spine, and coccyx deformity. ABS shows locus heterogeneity, and mutations in two different genes can cause similar craniofacial and skeletal phenotypes. Because the long-term outcomes and inheritance patterns of the disease differ markedly, depending on the causative mutation, early molecular genetic testing is helpful.