• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.118-131
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• 2000

Background : A continuous healthcare quality improvement is needed to provide high quality healthcare service as well as to maintain trust in terms of satisfying the needs of the patients. Recently it also became an essential issue. in hospital management, recognized for it's competitive potentiality among healthcare organization groups. This study was conducted to analyze patient complaints and issues received by the Quality Improvement Department. Its purpose is to improve healthcare qualities within the hospital, as well as establish policies and appropriate strategies in hospital management. Method : From July 1st to September 30th of the year 1999, we analyzed all complaints and issues made by various patients and their families, which were received through 24 hour phone consultation, numerous suggestion boxes, letters and E-mails, The issues were classified into 16 different categories based on a Patient Satisfaction Assessment Tool. All data were segregated according to the departmental frequencies and their contents. To come up with for environmental and patient satisfaction improvement, all complaints or issues were communicated with hospital administrators, medical and nursing staff and employees. Comprehensive customer satisfaction activities including improving phone etiquette were discussed in Customer Satisfaction Team, CQI Team and each Department. All opportunities for improvement were implemented. Feedback actions were discussed. Results : A total of 317 cases were collected. Issues regarding parking and other accommodation facilities were most common complaints that were 14.5% of total. Issues regarding admission rooms (10.7%), admission procedures (10.7%), waiting room environment (8.8%), nurses and nurse assistants (7.6%), physicians (6.6%) and others (23%) followed. Thirteen of 45 departments received more than 8 complaints. The Nursing Department had the most complaint, receiving 9.8% of total complaints. Complaints regarding the Nursing Department were predominantly related to the environment of patient rooms. The Department of Psychiatry for phone etiquette (4.7%), Department of Otolaryngology for the nursing staff's attitude and phone etiquette (4.4%), and the Admission Department followed. As a part of efforts to improve patient satisfaction, a new parking structure was built and reallocation of the parking space was done. Renovation of other accommodation facilities were carried out by hospital administration, Monthly phone call and answering attitude survey was done by QI Department. Based on this survey we made a phone etiquette manual and distributed throughout the hospital. Compare to the last year, Patient Satisfaction Index measured by Korea Productivity Center using National Customer Satisfaction Index was improved 7 points. According to our organization's own study, we confirmed the phone etiquette was improved 11% than last year. Conclusions : Issues related to parking and other accommodation facilities ranked first followed by complaints made regarding the patient care area, the admission and cashier process, and nurses' and doctors' attitude. The Nursing and Psychiatry Departments need improvement regarding phone etiquette. Results were shared and played a vital role in policymaking and strategic planning of the hospital. It is imperative that we keep our database updated by listening to and solving the needs of each patient. The CQI activities can be achieved only by full commitment of the hospital top management supported by related personal.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.46-69
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• 2001

Hospice Care is the best way to care for terminally ill patients and their family members. However most of them can not receive the appropriate hospice service because the Korean health delivery system is mainly be focussed on acutly ill patients. This study was carried out to clarify the situation of hospice in Korea and to develop a hospice care delivery system model which is appropriate in the Korean context. The theoretical framework of this study that hospice care delivery system is composed of hospice resources with personnel, facilities, etc., government and non-government hospice organization, hospice finances, hospice management and hospice delivery, was taken from the Health Delivery System of WHO(1984). Data was obtained through data analysis of litreature, interview, questionairs, visiting and Delphi Technique, from October 1998 to April 1999 involving 56 hospices, 1 hospice research center, 3 non-government hospice organizations, 20 experts who have had hospice experience for more than 3 years(mean is 9 years and 5 months) and officials or members of 3 non-government hospice organizations. There are 61 hospices in Korea. Even though hospice personnel have tried to study and to provide qualified hospice serices, there is nor any formal hospice linkage or network in Korea. This is the result of this survey made to clarify the situation of Korean hospice. Results of the study by Delphi Technique were as follows: 1.Hospice Resources: Key hospice personnel were found to be hospice coordinator, doctor, nurse, clergy, social worker, volunteers. Necessary qualifications for all personnel was that they conditions were resulted as have good health, receive hospice education and have communication skills. Education for hospice personnel is divided into (i)basic training and (ii)special education, e.g. palliative medicine course for hospice specialist or palliative care course in master degree for hospice nurse specialist. Hospice facilities could be developed by adding a living room, a space for family members, a prayer room, a church, an interview room, a kitchen, a dining room, a bath facility, a hall for music, art or work therapy, volunteers' room, garden, etc. to hospital facilities. 2.Hospice Organization: Whilst there are three non-government hospice organizations active at present, in the near future an hospice officer in the Health&Welfare Ministry plus a government Hospice body are necessary. However a non-government council to further integrate hospice development is also strongly recommended. 3.Hospice Finances: A New insurance standards, I.e. the charge for hospice care services, public information and tax reduction for donations were found suggested as methods to rise the hospice budget. 4.Hospice Management: Two divisions of hospice management/care were considered to be necessary in future. The role of the hospice officer in the Health & Welfare Ministry would be quality control of hospice teams and facilities involved/associated with hospice insurance standards. New non-government integrating councils role supporting the development of hospice care, not insurance covered. 5.Hospice delivery: Linkage&networking between hospice facilities and first, second, third level medical institutions are needed in order to provide varied and continous hospice care. Hospice Acts need to be established within the limits of medical law with regards to standards for professional staff members, educational programs, etc. The results of this study could be utilizes towards the development to two hospice care delivery system models, A and B. Model A is based on the hospital, especially the hospice unit, because in this setting is more easily available the new medical insurance for hospice care. Therefore a hospice team is organized in the hospital and may operate in the hospice unit and in the home hospice care service. After Model A is set up and operating, Model B will be the next stage, in which medical insurance cover will be extended to home hospice care service. This model(B) is also based on the hospital, but the focus of the hospital hospice unit will be moved to home hospice care which is connected by local physicians, national public health centers, community parties as like churches or volunteer groups. Model B will contribute to the care of terminally ill patients and their family members and also assist hospital administrators in cost-effectiveness.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.12-21
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• 2020

본 연구는 경상남도에 소재한 군립공원을 대상으로 자연공원 지속가능성평가를 통해 관리효과성평가(MEE)를 실시하여 이를 바탕으로 군립공원의 지속가능한 관리를 도모하기 위한 영향요인을 도출하고자 하였다. 자연공원 지속가능성평가 진단표는 2016년 환경부에서 개발한 보호지역 관리효과성평가를 준용하여 소규모 자연공원에 응답할 수 있도록 보완한 평가표이며, 이를 바탕으로 공원이해관계자가 자가진단을 통해 자연공원의 전반적인 관리를 평가하도록 하였으며, 현장조사 및 인터뷰를 통해 이를 보완하였다. 경남권역 군립공원의 11개소 MEE결과를 살펴보면, 과반수의 군립공원에서 '자연생태적 가치(6개소)'를 주요 가치로 인식하고, '역사문화적 가치(4개소)', '여가휴양적 가치(1개소)'순으로 나타났다. 자연공원 관리의 위협요인으로는 '자연재해 및 환경요인(5개소)', '인위적 요인(3개소)'로 나타났으며, 군립공원 3개소에서는 관리를 저해하는 위협요인이 없다고 인지하고 있었다. 관리효과성평가 점수가 양호한 분야는 휴양가치상태, 역사 및 문화자원의 가치상태, 주요 자연자원 등이며, 미흡한 분야는 조사 및 연구프로그램, 멸종위기종 관리, 생태계 교란 동·식물 관리, 관리활동 모니터링 및 평가 수행이 지적되었다. 지속가능하게 관리에 영향을 미치는 지표를 도출하기 위해 관리효과성평가점수와 관리요인 간 회귀분석결과, 연간공원관리투입예산이 관리효과성평가점수와 통계적으로 유의미하였다. 이는 연간 자연공원관리예산의 적정한 집행이 현 시점에서 군립공원 관리에 가장 필요한 요소임을 의미한다. 향후 군립공원 관리계획 이행 시, 평가결과에서 도출된 미흡한 요인의 보완을 위한 예산확보가 시급한 것으로 판단되었다. 관리투입예산을 고려한다면 군립공원 관리의 효과를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.166-175
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• 2015

오늘날 유럽 국가들을 중심으로 경관이 정치, 행정, 학문, 시민사회 등을 망라하는 모든 분야에서 환경만큼 중요한 화두로 사람들의 입에 자주 오르내리고 있다. 그 동안 한국에서는 이러한 국제적 조류에 부응하기 위하여 각 학문 분야나 행정 분야별로 나름대로 경관 개념을 다양한 정책에 반영하려고 노력해 오고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 아직까지는 그 성과가 만족할 만한 수준에 있지 않은 실정이다. 이러한 실정을 감안하여 본고는 먼저 경관이 가지는 복합적 가치와 복수적 의미를 유럽의 연구 결과를 토대로 검토해 보았다. 그런 다음 아직까지 경관에 대한 관심이 상대적으로 저조한 한국이 앞으로 추구해 나가야 하는 국토경관의 정책과 연구의 미래 방향을 모색해 보았다. 경관은 지금까지 상황에 따라 다양한 의미로 정의되어 왔을 만큼 지극히 복합적인 개념을 가진 대상이므로 전체론(Holism)의 관점에서 이해되어야 한다. 경관을 연구하는 학문 분야들은 학제 간 또는 다학문적 협력에 그치지 말고 학문의 경계를 초월하는 종합적 접근방법을 공동으로 개발하여 적용해야 한다. 유럽의 경우와 같이, 한국에서도 경관의 질과 다양성의 악화와 퇴보가 사람들의 일상생활의 질에 대하여 부정적 영향을 끼친다는 사실을 법률을 통하여 인정할 필요가 있다. 농촌경관의 급변으로 사라져 가는 자연유산과 문화유산의 보존이 농촌이 노령화를 지나 공동화(空洞化) 되기 이전에 연구와 정책의 중요한 과제가 되어야 한다. 그러기 위해서는 전체론적 관점에서 학문의 경계를 초월하는 방법론을 토대로 경관 특성을 평가하고 그 유형을 분류하는 사업을 시급히 착수해야 할 것이다. 경관에 관한 업무를 취급하는 공무원은 물론이고 정치가, 일반 국민, 학교 학생 등을 상대로 하는 경관에 대한 교육이 시급히 요구된다. 또한 정부는 국가적 차원의 경관 정책을 총체적으로 수립해야 하는 한편 공간계획(Spatial Planning)이나 법률과 같은 분야에 경관 개념이 전반적으로 침투되도록 노력해야 한다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.5-8
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• 1981

This study concerns itself with the development of a new model of comprehensive health service for rural communities of Korea. The study was conceived to resolve the problems of both underservice in rural communities and underutilization of valuable health manpower, namely the nurses, the disenchanted elite health personnel in Korea. On review of the current situation, the greatest deficiencies in the Korean health care system were found in the availability of primary care at the peripheries of md communities, in the dissemination of knowledge of disease prevention and health care, and in the induction of and guidance for active participation by the clientele in health maintenance at the personal, family and community level Abundant untapped health resources were identified that could be brough to bear upon the national effort to extend health services to every member of the Korean Population. Therefore, it was Postulated that the problem of underservice in rural communities of Korea can be structurcturally resolved by the effective mobilization and organization of untapped health resources, and that. a primary care Nursing Service System offers the best possibility for fulfillment of rural health service goals within the current health man-power situation. In order to identify appropriate strategies to combat the present difficulties in Korean rural health services and to utilize nurses and other health personnel in community-centered health programs, a search was made for examples of innovative service models throughout the world. An extensive literature survey and field visits to project sites both in Korea and in the United States were made. Experts in the field of world health, health service, planners, administrators, and medical and nursing practitioners in Korea, in the United States as well as visitors from other Asian countries were widely consulted. On the basis of information and inputs from these experts a new rural health service model has been constructed within the conceptual framework of community development, especially of the innovation diffusion Model. It is considered especially important that citizens in each community develop capacities for self-care with assistance and supports from available health professionals and participate in health service-related decisions that affect their own well-being. The proposed model is based upon the regionalization of health care planning utilizing a comprehensive Nursing Service System at the immediate delivery level The model features: (1) a health administration unit at each administrative level; (2) mechanisms for community participation; (3) a continuous source of primary health care at the local community level; (4) relative centralization of specialty care and provision of tertiary or super-specialty care only at major national metropolitan centers; and (5) a system for patient referral to the appropriate level of care. This model has been built around professional nurses as the key community health workers because their training is particularly suited and because large numbers of well-trained nurses are currently available and being trained. The special element in this model is a professional nurse-guided, self-care facilitating primary care Community Nursing Service System. This is supported by a Nursing Extension Service as a new training and support structure. (See attached diagrams). A broad spectrum of programs was proposed for the Community Nursing Service System. These were designed to establish a balance of activities between the clinic-centered individual care component and the field activity-centered educational and supportive component of health care services. Examples of possible program alternatives and proposed guidelines for health care in specific situations were presented, as well as the roles and functions of the key health personnel within the Community Nursing Service System. This Rural Health Service Model was proposed as a real alternative to the maldistributed, inequitable, uncoordinated solo-practice, physician-centered fee-for-service health care available to Koreans today.

• CRM연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.21-41
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• 2010

본 연구는 의료기관과 호텔산업에서의 아웃소싱 성과에 영향을 미치는 선행요인을 비하여 서비스기관에 따른 차이가 존재하는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 의료기관과 호텔을 중심으로 실제 아웃소싱 업무를 담당하고 있는 관리자를 대상으로 약 2개월 간 조사를 실시하였다. 총 350부를 배포하여 325부를 회수하였으나 이 중 불성실한 응답으로 분석대상으로 적합하지 않는 자료 6부를 제외한 319부를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 이 중 의료기관은 155부이었으며, 호텔은 164부를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 첫째, 아웃소싱 위탁업체와 수행업체 담당자간의 비공식적 인간관계는 의료기관과 호텔산업 모두 신뢰에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으나 아웃소싱 수행정도에는 의료기관만이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 차이를 보였다. 특히 의료기관의 경우 아웃소싱 수행업체와의 관계형성이 인턴부터 전문의가 될 때까지 오랜 기간동안 꾸준하게 형성된 비공식적 인간관계 특성에 따른 결과로 이해된다. 둘째, 의료기관 및 호텔산업 모두 의사소통이 신뢰에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 아웃소싱의 특성상 상호간 원활한 의사소통이 긍정적인 관계형성이 이루어질 수 있다는 것을 강조하고 있다. 셋째, 아웃소싱 수행업체의 기회주의적 행동이 신뢰 및 아웃소싱 수행정도에 두 기관 모두 부(-)의 유의한 영향을 나타내 수행업체의 기회주의적 행동은 상호간 우호적인 관계형성보다는 불편한 감정이나 갈등을 유발할 가능성이 크다는 것을 나타냈다. 넷째, 서비스 인프라가 신뢰에 미치는 영향은 의료기관의 경우 유의한 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났으나 호텔산업은 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 차이를 보였다. 또한 서비스인프라가 아웃소싱 수행정도에는 두 기관 모두 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 아웃소싱 위탁업체인 의료기관 및 호텔과 수행업체간 신뢰는 아웃소싱 수행정도에 두 기관 모두 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 신뢰는 아웃소싱 성과에 두 서비스기관 모두 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 의료기관 및 호텔에서 아웃소싱을 수행함에 있어 계약적 측면의 업무수행보다는 아웃소싱업체와의 상호 파트너십을 통해 관계적 측면을 강화하는 것이 상호간 신뢰뿐만 아니라 업무에 대한 성과도 높게 이끌 수 있음을 나타냈다. 마지막으로 아웃소싱 위탁업체의 아웃소싱 수행정도가 아웃소싱 성과에 두 기관 모두 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 아웃소싱의 수행이 활발할수록 이에 따른 성과도 증대됨을 나타내고 있다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.66-94
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to examine how to maximize the efficiency of hospital management by minimizing the unit cost of hospital operation. For this purpose, this paper proposes to develop a model of the profit maximization based on the cost minimization dictum using the statistical tools of arriving at the maximum likelihood values. The preliminary survey data are collected from the annual statistics and their analyses published by Korea Health Industry Development Institute and Korean Hospital Association. The maximum likelihood value statistical analyses are conducted from the information on the cost (function) of each of 36 hospitals selected by the random stratified sampling method according to the size and location (urban or rural) of hospitals. We believe that, although the size of sample is relatively small, because of the sampling method used and the high response rate, the power of estimation of the results of the statistical analyses of the sample hospitals is acceptable. The conceptual framework of analyses is adopted from the various models of the determinants of hospital costs used by the previous studies. According to this framework, the study postulates that the unit cost of hospital operation is determined by the size, scope of service, technology (production function) as measured by capacity utilization, labor capital ratio and labor input-mix variables, and by exogeneous variables. The variables to represent the above cost determinants are selected by using the step-wise regression so that only the statistically significant variables may be utilized in analyzing how these variables impact on the hospital unit cost. The results of the analyses show that the models of hospital cost determinants adopted are well chosen. The various models analyzed have the (goodness of fit) overall determination (R2) which all turned out to be significant, regardless of the variables put in to represent the cost determinants. Specifically, the size and scope of service, no matter how it is measured, i. e., number of admissions per bed, number of ambulatory visits per bed, adjusted inpatient days and adjusted outpatients, have overall effects of reducing the hospital unit costs as measured by the cost per admission, per inpatient day, or office visit implying the existence of the economy of scale in the hospital operation. Thirdly, the technology used in operating a hospital has turned out to have its ramifications on the hospital unit cost similar to those postulated in the static theory of the firm. For example, the capacity utilization as represented by the inpatient days per employee tuned out to have statistically significant negative impacts on the unit cost of hospital operation, while payroll expenses per inpatient cost has a positive effect. The input-mix of hospital operation, as represented by the ratio of the number of doctor, nurse or medical staff per general employee, supports the known thesis that the specialized manpower costs more than the general employees. The labor/capital ratio as represented by the employees per 100 beds is shown to have a positive effect on the cost as expected. As for the exogeneous variable's impacts on the cost, when this variable is represented by the percent of urban 100 population at the location where the hospital is located, the regression analysis shows that the hospitals located in the urban area have a higher cost than those in the rural area. Finally, the case study of the sample hospitals offers a specific information to hospital administrators about how they share in terms of the cost they are incurring in comparison to other hospitals. For example, if his/her hospital is of small size and located in a city, he/she can compare the various costs of his/her hospital operation with those of other similar hospitals. Therefore, he/she may be able to find the reasons why the cost of his/her hospital operation has a higher or lower cost than other similar hospitals in what factors of the hospital cost determinants.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.37-55
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• 2008

This study aims to enhance work efficiency and satisfaction by offering data that make a physical therapist cope with stress coming from the job efficiently by identifying and analyzing the job satisfaction and work stress perceived by a physical therapist, and the level of reaction of a physical therapist. The study distributed survey questionnaires to 300 physical therapists working in medical institutions in Busan via mail and by visit from March 3, 2007 by selecting them simply and randomly from the physical therapist list, and collected the questionnaires by March 20, 2007, 103 respondents were working at 17 general hospitals including a university hospital, 65 respondents at 12 medical centers, and 79 respondents at 39 doctor's offices. The study collected 251 copies, which showed the collection rate of 83.7%, and analyzed 247 copies (82.3%) excluding 4 copies of insincere answers. As a research tool for measuring job satisfaction the study used a tool employed for research into the job satisfaction of physical therapists who work at medical institutions in Gwangju, Jeonnam, and Jeonbuk by Kim Hee-Gwon(1992) and research regarding job satisfaction by Jeong Jeong-Hee(2004) as well as research regarding the factors of job satisfaction by Flippo(1980) & Seberhagen(1970) after adjusting the research tools to the purpose of the study. Also for questions about work stress, the study employed nurses' job stress measurement tool developed by Kim Mae-Ja and em Mi-Ok(1984) by modifying the tool to the purpose of the study, and for a measurement tool for reaction to stress, the study used a tool employed for research into reaction to stress of nurses at general hospitals by Choi Eun-Deok(2005) without modification. For data analysis, the study used the SPSS12.0 as a statistical method, and then used t-test or ANOVA for verifying actual numbers, percentile, average :score, standard deviation, rank, and difference. Also, the study conducted which is a post-test method for variables that show a significant difference at the level of p<.05 level after the analysis. The findings include the following. 1) The respondents' job satisfaction score was 3.21 points on the average (out of 5 full points). The peer relationship ranked the highest, posting 4.02 points on the average, and the job satisfaction with rewards was proven the lowest, posting 2.51 points. For the job satisfaction level by characteristics, there were significant differences (p<.05) in gender, hospital type, weekly working hours, monthly working days, number of patients per day, department in charge of therapy, and number of peers, and there was no significant difference in characteristics other than that. 2) The respondents' work stress score was 2.72 points (out of 5 full points) on the average. The respondents were shown to be under the highest stress when they suffered from excessive workload, posting 3.49 points on the average, and they were shown to be under the least stress when they had a conflict with peers at another department, recording 1.90 points on the average. for the job stress level by the characteristics of job, there was a significant difference in the reflection of job assessment(p<.05). 3) 1n respondents' reaction to stress, most of them were shown to make efforts in coping with stress, posting 2.80 points (out of 5 full points). For their experience of being wider stress, they answered that 'they felt depressed (2.85 points)" for their experience of coping with stress, they answered that 'they were indifferent to it or thought about something else' (2.62 points). Also, for their efforts in coping with stress, they answered that 'they were motivated to remove their strain by taking leave, playing, or using their preferences' (3.52 points), which ranked higher. For the level of reaction to stress by characteristics, there were significant differences by age, gender, marital status, total service years as a physical therapist, monthly working days, and department in charge of therapy(p<.05). It is necessary to offer correct information by conducting an in-depth analysis of the stressful situations of physical therapists who exert efforts in rehabilitating patients at hospitals by factor, and seeking management plans based on the research results. Also, it is necessary to develop a program for coping with stress efficiently for removing stress and to conduct research into the understanding and cooperation of administrators and persons in charge of physical therapists for reducing physical therapists' stress at hospitals.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제7권
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• pp.89-195
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• 1980

The advanced developing countries including Korea are assumed to have reached a developmental stage which necessitates them to formulate and implement a plan for a national information network. Most of the governments in the advanced developing countries are well aware of the necessity for such a plan and some of them have actually commenced their studies on the feasibility of a national network of their own hoping to achieve maximum utility of their limited information resources. Two urgent problems facing planners in the design of a national information network are identified. One is lack of an optimum organisational model to enable them to meet their own situations, and the other is lack of a guideline to help designers evaluate the alternative structures and models when they are available. In resolving these two problems, network planners in the advanced developing countries would benefit from the achievement of the objectives of the present study. The major objective is to elicit and describe common information needs, desires and value of the people using information, and other common factors which are responsible for the present information services in the advanced developing countries and which have implications for the basic structure of the national information network. The value of this study is to aid administrators in Korea and those in the other advanced developing countries who are responsible for making national policies and who are now beginning to recognise the need for information services with the planning of economic and social development so as to enable all the groups in the community to have access to the information which are essential for decision making, research work, studies and even for recreational reading. This recognition will hopefully give them a rational basis for formulating right policies on information services. The methodology utlised for collecting the required data in this study falls under the category of observation and largely consists of the two techniques: literature review and postal questionnaire. Background information on the individual advanced developing: countries was gathered from monographic and periodical literature. and country reports presented at the various international conferences were analysed for other relevant data. For most of the data needed for the present study, a questionnaire on 'Library and Information Services as They Are Available in the Selected Countries' was formulated. This questionnaire was designed to be completed without help, by an expert who was well informed of the library and information services in his or her country. The questionnaire was intended to look in details at what information services in the advanced developing countries were doing-whom they were serving, in what way, and how well and establish to what extent they were meeting the nation's information requirements. It was also intended to ascertain the respondents' ideas on possible future developments in information provision in their countries, that is, in the advanced devanced developing countries. The questionnaire was posted to a total of 63 natinal librarians, directors of national information centres and those of other major libraries or information centres in 21 selected countries. Complete usable responses were received from 34 persons in 14 countries. In order to identify common characteristics of the information needs and desires in the advanced developing countries and the present situation of the information services to meet them, and the requirements and constraints peculiar to those countries which bought to be considered in the design of a national information network for advanced developing countries, an individual report on the current status of information activities for each of the fourteen countries chosen for this study, was presented. The procedure used was to arrange the data acquired in the questionnaire responses and other sources, in the form of fifteen country reports to be summarised by cross-section characteristics later.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.360-376
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• 2001

본 정성적 연구는 협동학습에 대한 현직 과학교사들의 인식과 교실 현장에서 협동학습의 실천에 따른 장애요소들을 조사하였다. 구성주의 인식론을 배경으로 하고 있는 협동학습은 내용의 단순암기와 경쟁을 통한 학업성취를 조장하는 현재의 교육체계에 대한 하나의 대안적 틀로서 제시되었다. 2001년 여름 1급 정교사 자격연수에 등록한 18명의 현직교사들과의 심층 인터뷰를 통하여 수집한 면접자료는 ‘협동학습에 대한 교사들의 정의, 교실에서의 협동학습의 실천과 관련된 이슈들, 교사 및 학생들의 협동학습에 대한 반응’ 등의 세 가지 측면에서 분류, 분석되었다. 이 영역들은 다시 10개의 주제들로 다시 세분되었다: 교사들이 느낀 협동학습의 의미, 학습에서 대화의 중요성, 협동학습이(부)적절한 상황, 협동학습 수업의 마무리 방법들, 협동학습시의 조편성 방법, 협동학습의 실행에 있어서의 장애요소들, 협동학습에 대한 학생들의 반응, 교사들이 밝힌 학습중심 교수/학습 방법 선택(또는 거부)의 이유, 협동학습법을 선호하는 교사들의 특성, 교사들이 현장에서 협동학습을 거부하는 이유. 각 주제별로 교사들의 반응을 상술하고 토의를 제시하였다. 보다 많은 교실에서의 협동학습의 개발과 실행을 위해서는 (1) 교사들의 인식 전환의 필요성, (2)교사 재교육 기회의 제공, (3) 학생들의 새로운 역할에 대한 적응, (4) 교육과정 및 학습자료 측면의 지원 및 (5) 행정적, 시설적지원 등이 필요함을 주장하는 바이다. 한편, 협동학습이 모든 수업상황이나 교수/학습적 문제들에 있어서 만병통치약이 아니라는 것을 기억해야 한다. 협동학습은 단지 하나의 수업방법 또는 도구로서 가르치고자 하는 특정한 교수목표를 위해 유용하며, 특히 다양한 학습능력을 가진 학생들이 함께 섞여있는 교실에 적절한 방법이다. 후속 연구과제도 제안되었다.