• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.9 no.2 s.33
• /
• pp.200-205
• /
• 2006

Subway widely used as a major mean of public transportation both at home and abroad contributes to ease chronic traffic congestion in cities. However, subway operating expense is expected to increase continuously because subway requires vast amount of money at the construction stage, huge sum of maintenance cost is spent during operation, and passenger needs for more convenient facilities is increasing. on the contrary to enormous operating expenses, fare that is occupying most of operating income doesn't come up to its prime cost causing chronic operating deficit. It is urgent to prepare fare system improvement measures to increase operating income in order to resolve financial difficulty of a subway operating organization. Therefore, the current study analyzed present condition and problems of subway fare system, and suggested improvement measures such as improvement of fare adjustment procedure, improvement of free-ride system, diversification of ticket, etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2019.05a
• /
• pp.78-79
• /
• 2019

A construction project with a total construction cost of over 10 billion KRW should be evaluated whether construction works are appropriately executed. The evaluation is carried out on quality management, process management, construction management, safety management, environmental management. The implementation period is within 60 days after completion of construction of the construction, from the time when the construction rate of the construction work has progressed by more than 90% to the construction cost. However, the participating construction engineers should prepare the evaluation within the period according to the evaluation criteria, but there are difficulties in preparation for the evaluation due to the reasons such as the change of engineers in charge and loss of data. Therefore, this study proposes the procedure of construction evaluation and adjusts timing of construction evaluation.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.15-25
• /
• 2017

The existence of material price volatility in construction projects puts forward substantial risks for all parties involved. Depending on the parties involved in the project, type of contracts, and state of the market various risk management strategies are practiced by contracting parties to manage project risks related to price volatility. Unfortunately, in many cases companies fail to select an adequate approach to better manage volatilities of material prices due to the lack of a decision support system to aid in the selection of an appropriate strategy based on the project characteristics. The aim of this study is to identify critical project factors and align them to documented strategies to manage price volatility based on an extensive literature review and industry interviews. This study found Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) as the ideal strategy with respect to project duration; quantitative risk management methods with respect to the cost; and Price Adjustment Clauses (PAC) with respect to the risk allocation, as the top price volatility management strategies.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2021

Pharmacogenetics is opening a new era of precision medicine in psychiatry. Drug-metabolizing enzymes are characterized by genetic polymorphisms, which render a large portion of variability in individual drug metabolism. Dose adjustment based on pharmacogenetics knowledge is a first step to translate pharmacogenetics into clinical practice. However, diverse factors including cost-effectiveness should be addressed to provide clinical recommendation. To address current challenges in pharmacogenetics testing in psychiatry, this review provides an update regarding genotyping (SNP analysis, array, and next-generation sequencing), genotype-phenotype correlations, and cost-effectiveness. The current updates on pharmacogenetics in psychiatry will provide guidance for both clinician and researchers to have a consensus in harmonizing efforts to advance the pharmacogenetics field in a part of precision medicine in psychiatry.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 2009

The primary purpose of ITQ (individually transferable quota) is to reduce the overcapitalization problem in the open-access fishery. It has been argued that the least cost-efficient vessels under ITQ may exit first from the fishing by selling their quotas, thereby also reducing the excess capital. The purpose of this paper is to provide a case when ITQ may prompt the exit of less cost-inefficient vessels in the presence of irreversible exit cost which is proportional to the cost-inefficiency. Real option model is adopted in order to analyze the source of hysteresis associated with fishery exit decision. By linking the interaction between vessels' adjustment costs, cost-efficiency of harvest and uncertainty of fishery return, we show that cost-inefficient vessels will not exit always first from the fishery in contrast to the conventional wisdom. Relevant policy implications is discussed.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.107-117
• /
• 2015

Background: The purpose of this study is to analyze the cost for the denture treatment in accordance with the government's plan to expand the National Health Insurance coverage for dental prothesis from July 1, 2012. Methods: We developed the draft of classification of the treatment activities based on the existing researches and expert's review and finalized the standard procedures through confirming by Korean Dental Association. We also made the list of input at each stage of treatments. We conducted survey of 100 dental clinics via post from April 4 to May 20 in 2011 and 37 clinics took part in the survey. The unit of cost calculation is the process from the first visit for denture treatment to setting of denture and adjustment. The manufacturing process performed by dental technician was not included in the cost analysis. Results: The process for the complete denture treatment was classified with 10 stages. The partial denture treatment was classified with 8 stages. The treatment time per each denture is about 5.6 hours for complete dentures and about 6.6 hours for partial dentures. The treatment cost were from 591,108 won to 643,913 won for complete denture and from 670,219 won to 738,840 won for partial denture in 2011, depending on the location, type of the clinics and the types of physician's income. Conclusion: This study shows the example of cost analysis for the treatment to set the fee schedule. Measures to get representative and accurate information need to be made.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
• /
• 2004.11a
• /
• pp.179-184
• /
• 2004

Statistical process control (SPC) and engineering process control (EPC) are based on different strategies for process quality improvement. SPC reduces process variability by detecting and eliminating special causes of process variation, while EPC reduces process variability by adjusting compensatory variables to keep the quality variable close to target. Recently there has been need for an integrated process control (IPC) procedure which combines the two strategies. This article considers a scheme that simultaneously applies SPC and EPC techniques to reduce the variation of a process. The process disturbance model under consideration is an IMA(1,1) model with a location shift. The EPC part of the scheme adjusts the process, while the SPC part of the scheme detects the occurrence of a special cause. For adjusting the process repeated adjustment is applied by compensating the predicted deviation from target. For detecting special causes the two kinds of exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart are applied to the observed deviations: One for detecting location shift and the other for detecting increment of variability. It was assumed that the adjustment of the process under the presence of a special cause may change any of the process parameters as well as the system gain. The effectiveness of the IPC scheme is evaluated in the context of the average cost per unit time (ACU) during the operation of the scheme. One major objective of this article is to investigate the effects of the process parameters to the ACU. Another major objective is to give a practical guide for the efficient selection of the parameters of the two EWMA control charts.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 2017

The amount of solar irradiation obtained by a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel is the major factor determining the power generated by a PV system, and the array tilt angle is critical for maximizing panel radiation acquisition. There are three types of PV systems based on the manner of setting the array tilt angle: fixed, semi-fixed, and tracking systems. A fixed system cannot respond to seasonal solar altitude angle changes, and therefore cannot absorb the maximum available solar radiation. The tracking system continually adjusts the tilt angle to absorb the maximum available radiation, but requires additional cost for equipment, installation, operation, and maintenance. The semi-fixed system is only adjusted periodically (usually seasonally) to obtain more energy than a fixed system at an overall cost that is less than a tracking system. To maximize semi-fixed system efficiency, determining the optimal tilt angle adjustment schedule are required. In this research, we conducted a simulation to derive an optimal operation schedule for a semi-fixed system in Seoul, Korea (latitude $37.5^{\circ}$). We implemented a solar radiation acquisition model and PV genereation model on MATLAB. The optimal operation schedule was derived by changing the number of tilt angle adjustments throughout a year using a Dynamic Algorithm. The results show that adjusting the tilt angle 4 times a year was the most appropriate. and then, generation amount of PV system increased 2.80% compared with the fixed system. This corresponds to 99% compared to daily adjustment model. This increase would be quite valid as the PV system installation area increased.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.57-76
• /
• 2023

Objectives This study aims to develop Korean Medicine Clinical Pathway (CP) based on Clinical Practice Guideline of carpal tunnel syndrome to improve quality of treatment and reduce medical cost to maximize the quality of patient management. Methods A draft version of CP for carpal tunnel syndrome is developed by expert agreement and a prospective case study was carried out based on the draft CP. Twenty experts working at various medical institution answered validity verification survey of developed CP. Fifteen patients enrolled in the prospective case study answered survey on demand and satisfaction. Qualification and adjustment process of the draft CP was conducted based on results of both surveys. Results Final version of CP for carpal tunnel syndrome is confirmed after qualification and adjustment on the draft version. Conclusions CP for carpal tunnel syndrome will provide patients with standardized, high-quality Korean medicine treatment and also reduce financial burden of health insurance by reducing medical cost.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2018

This study analyzes the cost fluctuation between cost in contract stage and cost in adjustment stage in defense R&D project. This research shows that certain costs hold with the cost fluctuation and their degree of influence. The results of first analysis show that 13 out of 17 costs have a relationship with the cost fluctuation. The estimate of direct labor cost is positive and significant at the 0.1% level(direct labor = 1.022, t = 38.355). The estimate of amount of cost paid to subcontractor is positive and significant at the 1% level(amount paid to subcontractor = 0.942, t = 51.894). The results of second analysis show that all the direct costs have a relationship with the cost fluctuation(The fact that cost system is focused on direct labor cost is a consideration in this analysis). The estimate of direct labor cost is positive and significant at the 0.1% level(direct labor = 2.014, t = 21.787). The estimate of amount of cost paid to subcontractor is positive and significant at the 0.1% level(amount of cost paid to subcontractor = 1.068, t = 15.636). This finding supports a proposal theory that cost system is focused on direct labor cost through actual proof analysis and an inducement that amount of cost paid to subcontractor is a way to reduce the R&D cost.