• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.239-246
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• 2009

The principal object of this study was to assess the effects of garlic powder(2 % and 4 %) on the sponge cake made with medium and cake flour. After making sponge cakes with garlic powder, water activity, softness, color of crumb, and sensory test were tested. Water activity(Aw) of the sponge cakes with different quantity of garlic powder were increased during 7 days storage. These meant that garlic powder had absorption effect. The Max G and springiness of the sponge cakes with garlic powder were all lower than that of the control. With regard to the color of the sponge cakes, the L values were reduced, but the a and b values were increased with the increment of percent of garlic powder. The micrographs of the sponge cakes with garlic powder evidenced slightly lower porosity than the control. And, the results of sensory test showed that the increment of the addition of garlic powder had low scores. But we know the possibility to make the sponge cakes using garlic powder. And the sponge cakes with medium flour using 2% of garlic powder had better evaluation than others using garlic powder.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.733-740
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• 2015

This study was performed to examine the functional and quality characteristics of rice cookies with added Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz. powder. Rice cookies were prepared with different amounts (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% to the flour quantity) of Ligularia fischeri powder. The antioxidant activities of Ligularia fischeri powder, specifically the total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power were found to be 212.19 mg GAE/g, $11.78{\mu}g/mL$11.78 ($IC_{50}$), and 2.33 (O.D.), respectively. The antioxidant activities of the rice cookies with added Ligularia fischeri powder increased with increasing concentrations of Ligularia fischeri powder. Regarding the hunter's color value of rice cookies with added Ligularia fischeri powder, L (lightness) and a (redness) values decreased (p<0.001) with increasing concentrations of Ligularia fischeri powder, whereas b (yellowness) values increased (p<0.01). The consumer acceptability score for the 3% Ligularia fischeri rice cookie groups ranked significantly (p<0.001) higher than the other groups in color, flavor, taste, texture and overall preference. These results suggest that Ligularia fischeri powder will be useful as a functional food resource with antioxidant activities.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1996

The renal toxicity of the extract of Polygalae Radix was investigated in rats. Rats were treated with 3.5 mg/Kg of the extract, i.p., for 7 days. Changes in consumatory behavior, 24 hour-urine and the activities of urinary enzymes were determined during the administration of the extract. Significant decrease in body weight and food consumption and increase in 24 hour-urine volume were observed during the administration. However, the quantity of total creatinine in urine was decreased significantly. Those indicate that subacute treatment with the extract might induce diuresis and the ditiresis might be due to the decrease in water reabsorption. In the activities of urinary enzymes, the activities of alanine aminopejotidase (AAP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were increased 4.3 and 3.5 times and then returned to the control. The activity of N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was increased 7.2 times and then decreased slowly. But, it was significantly higher than that of the control evea after the last administration. The activity of factate dehydrogenase (LDH) was increased continuozlsly during the treatment. It showed 32 times higher than the control. These results suggested that the extract of Polygalae Radix had toxic effect on kidney. Furthermore, the result suggested that the subacute administration of the extract induced resistance against the toxicity of Polygalae Radix.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.139-147
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• 2020

The sunspot area is a critical physical quantity for assessing the solar activity level; forecasts of the sunspot area are of great importance for studies of the solar activity and space weather. We developed an innovative hybrid model prediction method by integrating the complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) and extreme learning machine (ELM). The time series is first decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) with different frequencies by CEEMD; these IMFs can be divided into three groups, a high-frequency group, a low-frequency group, and a trend group. The ELM forecasting models are established to forecast the three groups separately. The final forecast results are obtained by summing up the forecast values of each group. The proposed hybrid model is applied to the smoothed monthly mean sunspot area archived at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). We find a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.80% and 9.75, respectively, which indicates that: (1) for the CEEMD-ELM model, the predicted sunspot area is in good agreement with the observed one; (2) the proposed model outperforms previous approaches in terms of prediction accuracy and operational efficiency.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

Telomeres consisting of (TTAGGG)n tandem repeat DNA sequences and associated proteins are essential for chromosome stability and related with cell senescence, apoptosis and cancer. The telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein which act as a template for the synthesis of telomeric DNA. This study was carried out to identify the distribution of telomeres on mouse chromosomes and also to analyze the amount of telomeres and telomerase activity of mouse embryos at early embryonic stages. Germ cells and early embryos from 1 cell to blastocyst stage were analyzed. The amount of telomeres was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization technique(Q-FISH) using a human telomeric DNA probe, and telomerase activity was measured by telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay(TRAP). In results, the telomeres on mouse chromosomes were distributed at the ends of all autosomes and sex chromosomes. Although the quantity of telomeres varied among chromosomes, most of chromosomes had higher amount in q-arm telomeres than in p-arm telomeres. The results of Q-FISH indicated that the relative amount of telomeres of mouse embryos in each embryonic stage was approximately the same except the higher amount in blastocysts. Using TRAP assay on mouse embryos, telomerase activity was detected in all preimplantation stages from mature oocytes to blastocysts. Especially the telomerase activity was significantly increased at the morula and blastocyst stage. In conclusion, there may be a close association between the amount of telomeres and telomerase activity in early embryonic stages, and analysis of telomere quantity and telomerase activity on early development will be helpful for the investigation of embryogenesis and embryonic cell differentiation in mice.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2006

Telomeres are essential for chromosome stability and are related with cell senescence, apoptosis and cancer. Even though telomere length and telomerase activity have been studied extensively, very little is known to analyze the telomere dynamics in chicken cells. This study was carried out to analyze the telomere distribution and telomerase activity of Korean Native Chicken cells along with aging. The cells were collected from brain, heart, liver, kidney and germinal tissues during physiological stages. Telomere distribution was analyzed by Quantitative-Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (Q-FISH) techniques using the chicken telomeric DNA probe. Telomerase activity was performed by Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) assay. In results, the telomeres of chicken were found at the ends of all chromosomes with the interstitial telomeres on chromosomes 1, 2 and 3. The amount of telomeres on chicken cells was decreased along with aging in most tissues. Furthermore, the telomere quantity was significantly different among tissues. The relative amount of telomeres in proliferous cells such as testis cells had much more than those of liver, brain, heart, blood and kidney cells. The telomerase activity was down-regulated in cells of brain, heart and liver tissues. Whereas gonadal cells showed a constitutive activity of telomerase during all stage of life. In conclusions, the telomere quantity and telomerase activity in chicken are closely relate to cell proliferation and tissue specificity during developmental stages and aging. There is also closely correlated between the amounts of telomeric DNA and telomerase activity in chicken tissues.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.528-534
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in saponin content and antioxidant activity of crude ginseng and extruded ginseng by using different solvent extraction methods. Each of the fractions was first extracted by 80% ethanol followed by ether treatment to remove the lipid components. Water soluble components were separated by ethylacetate and water saturated butanol. Four fraction, including 80% ethanol, ethylacetate, butanol and water were obtained from crude and extruded ginsengs to analyze saponin content and antioxidant activity. Saponin content and antioxidant capacity of each of the four fractions were measured by LC/MS analysis and ORAC(Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) assay, respectively. It was found that a major portion of saponin was present in ethyl acetate and water saturated butanol fractions. When extracted by 80% ethanol, ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 were mostly found in crude ginseng, while ginsenoside Re and Rb1 were detected in extruded ginseng. Even though Rh1 and Rg3 were found in a very small quantity in crude ginseng, there was a significant quantity of both in extruded ginseng when extracted by 80% ethanol. Similar tendency was also observed in extruded ginseng fraction when extracted with ethyl acetate and butanol. In crude ginseng, the level of Rg1 was the highest among other ginsenosides upon extraction by ethyl acetate, while Rh1 and Rg3 were predominantly found by employing similar solvent extraction in the extruded ginseng. Also, Rg1, Re and Rb1 were also found in the extruded ginseng with small quantity. Rg1, Re and Rb1 were found in crude ginseng by butanol extraction, while Rb1 and Re were extracted from the extruded ginseng. Overall, there was no difference in the saponin content between crude ginseng and extruded ginseng when extracted by butanol and water, but twice as much of saponin was obtained by 80% ethanol extraction and 6 times more saponin were obtained in ethyl acetate fraction in the extruded ginseng. Antioxidant capacity of crude ginseng as determined by ORAC assay was higher in 80% ethanol(high in many different kinds of biological compounds) and water saturated butanol(high in polar saponin) fractions than the ethyl acetate and water fractions. No difference in antioxidant capacity was observed between crude and extruded ginseng. However, antioxidant capacity of ethyl acetate and water fractions in extruded ginseng was significantly higher than crude ginseng($P$ >0.05). All the fractions in both, crude and extruded ginseng possessed antioxidant capacity and even water fractions that contained almost no saponin had some antioxidant capacity. While determining correlation coefficient between fractions in extruded ginseng by Pearson correlation, it was observed that 80% ethanol fraction was in correlation with ethyl acetate($P$ >0.01) and ethanol($P$ >0.001) and in the case of ethylacetate, correlation was observed only with butanol fraction($P$ >0.05).

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.229-233
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• 2009

20 species of plants were extracted with Methanol and were investigated for DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTs free radical scavenging activity to quest anti-oxidation ability depending on the proton beam irradiation quantity. In the proton beam irradiation, 15 species's activities increased but among them, Pharbities nil Choisy decreased at 10 KGray and 4 species' activity didn't change at all. In hydrogen ion radical elimination activity, Ulmus macrocarpa (84 %) showed the highest and Pharbitis nil Choisy showed 6 % decreasing at more than 1 KGray. By comparison with untreated $IC_{50}$ value, the beam-treated $IC_{50}$ value increased 6.3 times for Dioscorea batatas Decne. at 1 KGray, 2.1 times for Trichosanthes kirilowii Max., and 2.8 times for Dioscorea batatas Decne. at 5 KGray. In ABTs free radical elimination activity, the activity increased 60 % for Terminalia chebula Retzius compared with untreated one. Besides, the beam-treated $IC_{50}$ value increased 2 times for Gray Ephedra sinica Stapf, 2.5 times for Terminalia chebula Retz. and 2.4 times for Arctium lappa Linne at 1 KGray.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1998

The electrorheological (ER) behavior of suspensions in silicone oil of phosphated cellulose particles (average particle size 17.77 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) was investigated at room temperature with electric fields up to 2.5 KV/mm. In this paper, for development of anhydrous ER suspensions using at wide temperature range, we would like to know fundamental understandings on the ER activity. As a first step, the anhydrous ER suspensions dispersed the phosphated cellulose particles were measured, and not only the electrical characteristics such as dielectric constant, current density and electrical conductivity but also the rheological properties on strength of electric field and quantity of dispersed phase were studied. From the experimental results, the anhydrous ER suspensions dispersed phosphated cellulose particles showed a stable current density and very high performance of ER effect $(\tau/\tau_0=1030)$ on the 2.5 KV/mm and the dynamic yield stress $(\tau_y)$ was in exponential proportion to the strength of electric fields.

• Carbon letters
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.126-130
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• 2013

In this study, we present a more electrochemically enhanced electrode using activated carbon (AC)-sulfur (S) composite materials, which have high current density. The morphological and micro-structure properties were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Quantity of sulfur was measured by thermogravimetric analysis analysis. The electrochemical behaviors were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. As a trapping carbon structure, AC could provide a porous structure for containing sulfur. We were able to confirm that the AC-S composite electrode had superior electrochemical activity.