• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2023

본 연구는 국내 서·남해안 도서(島嶼) 및 연안 지역을 번식의 근거지로 활동하는 조류와 관련한 번식지 적합성 지수 개발을 위한 기초연구의 일환으로, FGI(Focus Group Interview)와 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) 분석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연안성 조류 번식지 적합성 가치 판단 결과 자연적 가치(0.763)가 인위적 가치(0.237)에 비해 높은 중요도를 나타냈다. 번식공간의 지속적 완전성 담보를 위한 '보호구역 지정여부'를 제외한 다른 인위적 가치는 하위순위로 파악되었다. 둘째, 2차례 진행된 FGI에서 분류된 25개의 평가항목을 상위개념으로 재정립한 결과, 자연적 가치가 9개, 인위적 가치가 5가지, 총 14개로 최종 선정되었다. 셋째, 연안성 조류 번식지 적합성 중요도의 중분류 평가 결과는 '생태적 가치(0.392)', '지형적 가치(0.251)', '소극적 간섭(0.124)', '지질적 가치(0.120)', '적극적 간섭(0.113)'의 순서로 파악되었다. 이는 번식공간 자체의 수용적 환경보다는 번식을 위한 생존환경에 우선한 것으로 판단된다. 넷째, 연안성 조류 번식지의 평가항목 우선순위 결과는 '식생분포(0.187)', '갯벌의 면적(0.118)', '갯벌의 유무(0.092)', '천적의 출현(0.087)', '보호구역 지정여부(0.08)', '섬 면적(0.069)', '과번식에 의한 황폐화(0.064)', '토양 구성비(0.056)', '육지와의 거리(0.054)', '해양 양식장 면적(0.045)', '경작지 면적(0.041)', '경작 행위(0.038)', '표면의 각도(0.036)', '토지이용(0.033)'의 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 도출된 평가항목의 가중치 결과값은 연안성 조류 번식지 공간에 집중한 우선순위 평가에 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 조류 개체가 갖는 고유의 서식지 적합성과의 상관성 여부는 보완이 필요한 것으로 보이며, 추후 종별특성을 접목한 공간분석연구는 추후 과제로 남기고자 한다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.59-89
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• 2009

본 논문은 5대 국제항공테러범죄협약, 다시 말해서 UN의 전문기구인 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)에서 제정된 1963년 도쿄협약, 1970 헤이그협약, 1971 몬트리올협약, 1988년 몬트리올 의정서 그리고 1991년 가소성폭약협약에 규정된 관할권조항의 내용과 그 문제점을 연구하였는데 국제항공테러 협약의 관할권을 연구하면서 얻은 결론을 다음과 같다. 첫째, 항공테러협약의 관할권규정에서 공통으로 발견되는 것은 어느 협약도 관할권의 우선순위를 명시하지 않고 있다는 점이다. 결국 하이재킹 된 항공기가 착륙한 국가와 항공기등록국간 관할권문제가 발생하는데 대부분의 경우 착륙국이 하이재커를 처벌하는 예가 많다. 둘째, 국제법상 전통적인 관할권이론에서 많은 이론이 제기되었던 소극적 국적주의(passive personality principle)가 국제항공테러협약의 제정 이후 각종 국제테러협약에서 점차적으로 발전되어가고 있는 경향을 볼 수 있다. 1973년의 뉴욕협약 제3조 1항, 1979년 인질협약 제5조 1항 (d) 그리고 1988년 로마협약 제6조 2항 (b)가 그 예이다. 또한 1979년 인질협약 제5조 1항 (c)와 1988년 로마협약 제6조 2항 (c)에서는 자국에게 작위 또는 부작위를 강요하기 위한 범행의 경우에도 그 대상국가가 관할권을 행사할 수 있도록하고 있다. 만일 장래에 국제항공테러협약이 개정이 될 경우에는 국제항공 테러범죄를 좀 더 효과적으로 억제하기 위하여 소극적 국적주의를 고려할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 헤이그협약이나 몬트리올협약은 범인의 국적주의를 부여하고 있지않으나 인질협약은 제5조 1항 (b)에 인질억류범의 국적국가에게 관할권을 부여하고 있다. 만일 A국가의 국민이 어떤 국가나 제3자의 작위나 부작위를 강요할 목적으로 B국가에서 인질을 억류했다면 A국가도 그자에 대한 관할권을 행사할 권리를 가진다는 것이다. 따라서 만일 국제항공테러협약이 개정이 될 때는 이 문제도 고려할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 인질협약 제 5조 1항 (b)는 무국적자가 상주하는 국가에서 만약 그가 인질억류범죄를 행했고, 그 국가가 그렇게 하는 것이 적절하다고 고려하는 경우 그에 대하여 관할권을 행사할 권리를 부여한다. 이와 같은 목적에서 볼 때 무국적거주자를 국민과 동일하게 보고 있는데 헤이그협약이나 몬트리올협약에서는 없는 조항이다. 만일 국제항공테러협약이 개정이될 때는 이 문제도 함께 고려할 필요가 있다고 생각한다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2009

A hypermarket as the one of the most globally standardized retailing format is also the type of store among various types of stores that the most active in expanding into other foreign markets. Recently, as several Korean retailing companies start to penetrate into Chinese market they differentiate themselves with modern facilities and customers service oriented high-end concept. China and Korea as Far East Asian countries share many common values, however precise and careful analysis should be carried out since there may also be critical differences in socio-economic aspects as well as in consumption patterns due to the level of development stages of retail industry among two countries. Even though precise and careful study is crucial on Chinese retailing market and consumers, none of researches and studies on 'how the quality of service dimensional structure is different between Korea and China', and 'what will be the most important and influential service dimensional factors for Chinese consuers compared to the hypermarkets customers in Korea' in order to improve the level of Chinese consumers satisfaction' have been fulfilled At this point of view, this study uses KD-SQS (Rho Eun Jung & Sir Yong Gu, 2008) which is a measure of Korean hypermarkets service quality to set up a hypothesis on Korean and Chinese consumers, and an empirical analysis is conducted. We try to get the answers about how the comparative importance of Service quality dimensions which decides the level of customer satisfaction is different depending on the cultural dimensions and socio-economic factors among two countries, Korea and China. Based upon the results, we try to give a valuable suggestion of what service dimensional factors should be reinforced to improve the level of CS in Chinese retailing market. Hypotheses for this study are as follows : H1. Each dimension of Service Quality significantly affects the level of CS H2. The effect of 'Basic Benefit' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in China than in Korea H3. The effect of 'Promotion' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in China than in Korea H4. The effect of 'Physical Aspects'in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in Korea than in China. H5. The effect of 'Personal Interaction' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in China than in Korea H6. The effect of 'Policy' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS will be greater in Korean than in China H7. The effect of additional convenience in service quality dimensions on the level of CS will be greater in Korean than in China. More than 1,100 data were collected directly from the surveys of Chinese and Korean consumers in order to verify the hypotheses above. In Korea, stores which have floor space of over $9,000m^2$and opened later than year 2000 were selected for the samples, and thus Gayang, Wolgye, Sangbong, Eunpyeong, Suh-Suwon, Gojan stores and their customers were surveyed. In China, notable differences in the income levels and consumer behaviors between cities and regions were considered, and thus the research area was limited to the stores only in Shanghai. 6 stores which have the size of over $6,000m^2$ and opened later than 2000, such as Ruihong, Intu, Mudanjang, Sanrin, Raosimon, and Ranchao stores were selected for the survey. SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 7.0 were used as statistical tools, and exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and multi-group analysis were conducted. In order to carry out a multi group analysis that decides whether the structure variables which shows the different effects of 6 service dimensions in Korean and Chinese groups is statistically valid, configural invariance, metric invariance, and structural invariance are tested in order. At the results of the tests, 3 out of 7 hypotheses were supported and other 4 hypotheses were denied. According to the study, 4 dimensions (Basic Benefit, Physical Environment, Policy, and additional convenience) were positively correlated with CS in Korea, and 3 dimensions (i.e. basic benefit, policy, additional convenience) were significant in China. However, the significance of the service-dimensions was turned out to be partially different in Korea and China. The Basic Benefit is more influential in deciding the level of CS in china than Korea, however Physical Aspect is more important factor in Korea. 'Policy dimension' did not make significant difference between two countries. In the 'additional convenience dimension', the differences in 'socio-economic factors' than in'cultural background' were considered as more important in Chinese consumers than Korean. Overall, the improvement of Service quality will be crucial factors to increase the level of CS in Chinese market same as Korean market. In addition, more emphases need to be placed on the service qualities of 'Basic Benefit' and 'additional convenience' dimensions in China. In particular, 'low price' and 'product diversity' that constitute 'Basic Benefit' are proved to be comparatively disadvantageous and weak points of Korean companies compared to global players, and thus the prompt strengthening those dimensions would be urgent for Korean retailers. Moreover, additional conveniences such as various tenants and complex service and entertaining area will be more important in China than in Korea. Besides, Applying advanced Korean Hypermaret`s customer policy to Chinese consumers will help to get higher reliability and to differentiate themselves to other competitors. However, as personal interaction, physical aspect, promotions were proved as not significant for the level of CS in China, Korean companies need to reconsider the priority order of resource allocations when they tap into Chinese market.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2020

본 연구는 국내 명승과 미국 국립공원을 대상으로 정의 및 주요 가치, 지정 절차 및 유형, 지정추이를 살펴보고 두 자연유산의 지정 특성을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 명승은 경관성을 기본 전제로 학술적, 역사적, 인문적 가치를 포함하는 복합유산으로서의 성격을 지니고 있다. 미국 국립공원은 공공성을 기반으로 하는 자연유산으로서 경관의 보호를 통해 국민의 자연유산 향유에 기여하고 생태적·역사적 가치를 동시에 만족하는 것을 목표로 삼고 있다. 둘째, 명승의 지정은 소유자나 관리자, 지자체의 요청이나 문화재청장의 직권으로 지정신청과 지정조사를 거쳐 문화재 위원회의 심의를 통해 지정여부를 결정한다. 지정조사는 기초자원조사와 유형별 자원조사로 구분되며, 1970년 명주 청학동 소금강의 최초 명승 지정 이후 2000년대까지 명승 지정은 저조했으나 2006년 이후 명승 활성화 정책에 힘입어 지정건수가 급격히 증가했고, 자연명승과 역사문화명승의 비중이 균형을 이루게 되었다. 미국 국립공원은 의회나 대통령에 의해 지정이 결정되며 국립공원청에서는 사전검사조사를 통한 잠정자원의 특별자원연구 수행 여부 결정, 특별자원연구 결과에 따른 국립공원 지정기준 만족 여부, 우선순위 결정이 순차적으로 이루어진다. 미국 국립공원은 의회뿐만 아니라 대통령의 국립기념지 지정 권한 부여를 통해 국립공원의 지정경로가 확대되었고, 국립공원청의 통합 운영으로 여러 부처에서 관할하던 유산들이 국립공원에 포함되어 지정건수가 증가하였다. 또한 사적지법의 제정으로 역사유적이 다수 지정되고, 여가공간 제공을 위한 레크리에이션 지역들을 지정하여 총 18개 유닛으로 분류·관리하고 있다. 셋째, 명승과 미국 국립공원의 지정 특성을 비교한 결과 복합적 가치를 지닌 자연유산의 지정, 상호보완적 지정체계와 자원특성에 따른 유형분류, 주무부처 신설 및 지정 정책에 따른 유산의 균형화가 특징으로 확인되었다. 두 유산은 경관성과 공공성을 바탕으로 생태적, 역사적, 학술적 가치를 동시에 충족하는 복합적 자연유산의 특징을 지니고 있었다. 또한 양국 모두 기초자원조사와 심화단계의 지정조사를 통해 순차적, 상호보완적 조사로 유산의 지정을 심의하는 체계가 확인되었으며 자원의 특성에 따라 각 유형을 분류하였다. 이외에 국내 명승 활성화 정책과 미국의 국립공원청 통합운영은 두 유산의 지정 양상에 영향을 미쳤으며, 자연유산과 역사문화유산의 균형을 이루었다. 넷째, 명승과 국립공원의 자원유형과 보존관리 방식은 상당부분 연관성을 지니고 있었다. 미국 국립공원의 자연지역은 국내 천연기념물의 유형들이 주요 자원으로 포함되며, 자연명승과 유사한 특성을 지닌다. 또한 역사유적은 경관성 측면에서 역사문화명승의 지정기준과 유사하며, 전쟁 및 유명인물 관련 유적이 주를 이루는 양상이 사적의 유형과 관련있었다. 보존관리 측면에서 미국 국립공원의 자연지역은 생태계 원상을 그대로 두는 방식을 지니고 있으나 점적 자원에 대한 중점관리는 국내 자연유산 보호체계가 유용할 것으로 보인다. 한편, 역사자원은 사적과 역사문화명승이 전통시대 생활상 전반을 포함하고 있으나, 미국 국립공원의 역사유적은 전쟁사, 유명인 관련 유적을 대상으로 현대까지 시간적 범위를 설정하였으며, 현존 자원을 토대로 적극적인 향유 프로그램 제공이 차이점으로 도출되었다.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.157-194
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• 2008

온라인 커뮤니티에 대한 연구는 학자들과 실무자들의 많은 관심을 받아온 분야이다. 과거 많은 연구자들이 온라인 커뮤니티를 통해 큰 상업적 성과를 거둘 수 있다고 했지만 현실은 그렇지 못하며, 마케팅 연구 분야에서도 상업적 성공을 이끄는 변수들에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어지지 못한 것이 사실이다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구는 온라인 커뮤니티 사이트들이 콘텐츠 관련 마케팅 노력을 통해 소비자들의 자아일치성을 높이고, 긍정적 체험을 유도하면서 커뮤니티 사이트 내에서 소비자 간 상호작용성 등을 높여 결국, 커뮤니티 사이트의 방문충성도 및 구매충성도를 실현시킬 수 있는 프레임 웍을 제시하였다. 연구결과 온라인 커뮤니티 사이트에서 소비자 간 상호작용성이 방문충성도 그리고 특히 구매충성도의 구축에 매우 중요한 요인으로 밝혀졌고, 온라인 커뮤니티 사이트에 대한 자아일치성 지각 및 긍정적인 소비자 체험 또한 소비자의 상호작용성, 방문충성도 그리고 커뮤니티에 대한 애정에 상당히 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이러한 매개변수에 주된 영향요소로서 콘텐츠 우수성, 사이트 생동감, 네비게이션용이성, 고객화 등의 콘텐츠 관련 마케팅 노력의 역할의 중요성을 강조하였다.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제18호
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• pp.413-444
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• 2009

본고에서는 1795년 화성 행궁에서 정조의 어머니 혜경궁 홍씨의 회갑을 맞아 열린 봉수당진찬의 의례와 악무를 "원행을묘정리의궤(園行乙卯整理儀軌)" 및 "정조실록", "홍재전서(弘齋全書)"등의 봉수당진찬 의례기록과 <화성능행도병>등의 도상자료, 일기체의 한글가사 작품인 이희평(李羲平)의 <화성일기(華城日記)>등의 자료를 중심으로 분석하여 무대와 공연요소 중심으로 고찰하였다. 잔치의 주인공에게 충(忠)과 효(孝)의 의미를 담은 음악과 춤, 꽃과 음식, 술과 글을 예를 갖춰 올리는 궁중연향은 예악(禮樂)의 원리에 바탕을 둔 국가의례로서 조선왕조 500년 동안 고유한 음악문화를 형성해왔다. 그러나 조선왕조가 막을 내리면서 '예'라는 상징적이며 총체적인 틀 안에서 상호 유기적인 관계에 놓여있던 연례의 음악과 춤들이 개별 악곡과 춤으로 해체되어 '작품화'되었고. 궁중음악과 춤의 철학이나 원리, 시공간에 대한 이해는 현저히 축소된 채, 음악과 춤의 전통은 형식과 예술적 표현 중심으로 변화해왔다. 1990년대 이후, 궁중의례 전통의 재현(再現)을 목적에 둔 연구와 행사가 추진되면서, 이와 연관된 공연예술 활동도 점차 증가하고 있는 추세이며, 특히 봉수당진찬은 다양한 방식으로 현대무대화 하고 있다. 그러나 원전(原典)의 재현(再現) 및 복원(復原) 문제, 완성도 및 예술성에 대한 문제는 과제로 남아있으며, 지금까지는 "원행을묘정리의궤"에 수록된 의주의 외형적 재현에 관심을 두었을 뿐, 무대조건이나 공연요소에 중점을 둔 심도있는 분석은 부족하였다고 판단하였다. 이에 본 연구에서 무대구성과 공연요소 중심으로 분석해 본 결과, 조선시대 궁중연향 중에서 유일하게 '행궁'에서 개최된 봉수당진찬은 '예악의 정치'를 의례와 악무로 구현하는 궁중연향의 기본적인 면모를 보여주면서도 '군신동락(君臣同樂)'의 친화의 비중이 높은 연향이었음을 밝혔다. 내연과 외연의 성격이 섞인 봉수당진찬에서는 가림막을 최소화하여 신분의 차서(次序)와 남녀유별(男女有別)의 원리를 충족시키면서도 삼면에 둘러친 휘장 안에 외빈의 자리를 마련함으로써 술과 음식, 음악과 춤을 다 같이 공유하도록 배치되었다. 또한, 연향공간의 상징성을 내포한 차일을 백관들의 공간에 치고, 임금이 솔선하여 선찬(膳饌)과 산화(散華)를 명함으로써 군신동연(君臣同宴)의 의미와 범위를 확장시킨 점을 알 수 있었다. 이는 봉수당진찬이 '예악의 원리'가 강하게 드러나는 여느 궁중 연향에 비해 '정(情)'을 나누는 화친(和親)에 기반을 두었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 봉수당진찬에서는 여느 내연에서보다 임금의 역할과 비중이 높았으며, 특히 의주 외의 기록으로 전하는 여러 가지 상황 - 7작 이후에 정조가 신하들을 가까이 불러 나눈 대화, 신하들에게 음식과 꽃을 내림, 잔치를 주제로 직접 시를 짓고, 신하들에게도 이에 화답하게 한 일 등-은 의주에 따른 단선적인 연향의 진행에 변화를 주고, 연향의 의미를 확장시키는데 한 몫 하였다. 이밖에, 봉수당진찬의 주악과 정재의 구성을 분석해 본결과 연향에서 여러 인물들의 대화와 움직임이 매우 절제된 것은 여느 궁중연향과 비슷하지만, 춤과 음악을 통해 구현된 소리와 색채감은 매우 다채로웠다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 봉수당진찬에서는 정조 이전에 치러진 내연에 비해 다양한 종류의 정재를 상연하였고, 이 중에는 새롭게 초연된 레퍼토리도 있었으며, 또 기존의 공연을 새롭게 재구성한 것도 포함되어 있었다. 특히 <선유락>이나 <검무> 등, 지방 관아 및 민간의 레퍼토리를 궁중연향으로 수용한 점, 풍류방에서 즐겨 연주되기 시작한 생황을 <학무> 와 연계한 것은 전통적인 규범과 관습에 매이지 않고 새로운 것을 받아들이는 궁중연향의 '열린구조'를 보여준다는 점에서 시사하는 바가 크다.

• 미술자료
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• 제96권
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• pp.18-53
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• 2019

최근 국립중앙박물관이 기증을 받아 "우리 강산을 그리다: 화가의 시선, 조선시대 실경산수화" 특별전(2019년)에서 처음으로 공개한 작품인 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>는 조선시대 회화사 이해에 있어 시사하는 바가 매우 지대하다. 두 작품이 1557년의 관동 유람을 계기로 그려진 병풍의 일부였음을 알 수 있어서 16세기 산수화에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히는 데 획기적인 자료가 되기 때문이다. 이러한 중요성을 밝히기 위해서 본고에서는 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>에 담긴 경물의 내용을 살펴보고 제작시기와 양식상의 특징을 분석한 후, 다른 작품과의 비교를 통해서 이 작품에 담긴 회화사적인 의미에 대해서 살펴보았다. 이 작품의 제작 배경은 <총석정도>의 발문으로 알 수 있다. 본고에서 박충간(朴忠侃)(?~1601)으로 비정한 정상일로(商山逸老)가 1557년 봄에 홍연(洪淵)(?~?)과 함께 금강산(풍악산)과 관동 지역을 유람하고 유산록(遊山錄)을 작성하였으며 시간이 흐른 뒤 그중 몇몇 명승지를 그려 병풍을 만든 것을 알 수 있었다. 홍연은 자가 덕원(德遠)으로 1551년에 별시문과에 급제하고 1584년까지는 생존했던 인물이다. 박충간은 호가 남애(南崖)로서 1589년 정여립(鄭汝立)의 모역을 고변하여, 그 공으로 형조참판으로 승진되고 평난공신(平難功臣) 1등에 책록된 후 상산군(商山君)에 봉해진 인물이다. 이 글로 작품의 제작 시기를 1557년의 유람 후이자, 발문을 쓴 박충간이 50대 이상이 되는, 1571년 이후 곧 16세기 후반경으로 보았다. 산수나 나무 표현 등의 화풍을 기준으로도 16세기 후반의 시대 양식과 부합한다. 전술한 발문의 내용으로 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>가 병풍의 일부였던 것을 알수 있으며, 발문이 써 있는 <총석정도>가 마지막 폭이었을 것으로 생각된다. <경포대도>를 보면 구도면에서 조선 초기 안견파(安堅派) 산수화에서 볼 수 있는 편파(偏頗) 3단 구도의 요소를 찾을 수 있으나 실경(實景)을 대상으로 하여 그 배치와 화법이 현실화된 양상을 볼 수 있다. 시점(視點)에 있어서도 여러 경물간의 관계나 경관의 특징이 효과적으로 표현되도록 사선각(斜線角)의 부감시(俯瞰視), 정면시(正面視) 등을 활용하여 경포대의 넓은 영역을 효과적으로 표현하는 다각적(多角的)인 관점(觀點)을 보여준다. 산의 형태나 태점(苔點)의 사용은 1557년작 <의순관영조도(義順館迎詔圖)>(서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 소장)와 매우 유사하다. 16세기 안견파의 특징인 짧은 선이나 점으로 질감을 내는 단선점준(短線點皴)과 구름 모양 운두준(雲頭皴)은 현장감 있게 변모되었다. 조선 초기 산수화의 전통적인 구도와 연결성을 찾을 수 있는 <경포대도>와 달리 <총석정도>는 그 구도가 매우 파격적이다. 화면에 중심축을 두고 돌기둥들이 첩첩이 도열하여 삼각형을 이루고 있는 데 근경(近景)의 돌기둥, 중앙의 사선봉(四仙峯), 절벽 위의 사선정(四仙亭)을 삼단계 정도의 깊이감으로 배치하여 화면에 공간감을 조성하였다. 중앙의 사선봉이 화면의 대부분을 차지하며 압도적인 비중을 점하고 있으나 수직적인 돌기둥들이 유기적인 관계를 형성하지 못하고 분질적(分節的), 평면적(平面的)인 양상으로 그려져 아직 입체적이고 자연스러운 공간감을 조성하는 데에는 이르지 못하고 있다. 기둥의 아랫부분은 희게 하고 윗부분은 어둡게 하여 고원(高遠)의 상승감을 고조시키는 효과가 있는데 각 기둥을 묘사하는 준법을 보면 기둥으로 설정된 면에 담묵을 바르고 그 위에 농묵의 가는 선들을 그어 총석의 질감과 쪼개짐을 묘사하였다. 붓끝을 사선으로 누르며 수직으로 내려 긋고 있어서 부벽준(斧劈皴)의 초기적 양상을 보인다. 일관되게 보이는 이러한 흑백의 대조, 수직적 준법의 구사는 앞으로 전개될 절파계(浙派係) 화풍의 유행을 예시해준다. 한편 기둥의 윤곽 및 균열문이 각각 다 달라서 실제의 특징을 살리려고 한 것을 알 수 있다. 기둥 위에 올라앉은 새들의 묘사, 파도와 흰 거품의 표현 등에서 반복적인 붓질을 찾을 수가 없고 매우 생생한 묘사력을 볼 수 있다. 이러한 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>의 경물 배치는 이후 변화를 보인다. <경포대도>는 아래쪽에 죽도(竹島)를 두고 경포호를 넘어 위쪽에 위치한 경포대 건물과 오대산 일대를 올려보는 구도였다. 이러한 배치는 경포대를 화면 아래쪽에 두고 위쪽의 바다를 향하는 18세기 이래의 전형적인 구성과 차이를 보인다. 바다 쪽에서 총석을 바라보며 그린 <총석정도> 역시 이후의 작품에서는 내륙에서 바다를 향하는 것으로 관점의 변화를 보인다. 이러한 변화는 정선(鄭敾)(1676~1759)과 김홍도(金弘道)(1745~1806 이후)의 작품이 제작된 이후, 두 사람의 구도를 따라 관동도의 유형이 정착되는 것과 관련이 있다. 하지만 사라진 듯 했던 16세기 <경포대도>의 구도가 조선 말기 <강릉 경포대도>에서와 같이 민간 회화에서 전승된 것도 확인해 볼 수 있다. 관동 지역의 명승도는 이른 시기부터 그려져 고려 김생(金生)(711~?)의 관동도(關東圖), 조선 초 안견(安堅)(15세기 활동)의 낙산사도(洛山寺圖) 등 여러 화가가 단폭이거나 여러 폭의 관동도를 병풍이나 첩 형태로 그렸던 것을 문헌으로 확인할 수 있다. 이처럼 기록은 많으나 이를 증명할 수 있는 작품이 없었는데 본고에서 고찰하는 이 두 점은 현존하는 관동도 중 연대가 가장 올라가는 예로 기록으로만 남아 있는 관동도(關東圖) 병풍(屛風)의 제작 양상을 알게 해주어 회화사적인 의미가 크다. 특히 발문의 내용에 따라 8폭 병풍일 것으로 생각되어 16세기 후반에 이미 관동팔경도(關東八景圖) 형식이 형성되었음을 알 수 있다. 그 성격에 있어서 현존하는 16세기 실경산수화의 예로 거론되는 작품들이 모두 실용적, 공적인 목적의 계회도나 기록화로 제작되어 실경산수화적 요소가 부분적으로 나타난 것과 달리 이 작품은 실제 경관을 대상으로 자연의 변화무쌍함과 아름다움을 담고자 하는 것이 일차적인 목적이었다는 점이 주목된다. 발문을 쓴 박충간은 유람할 때 지었던 감상시를 곁들여 자연의 진면목을 반추하는 태도를 보인다. 이 점은 기존에 알려진 실경산수화의 성격과 그 양상을 달리하는 것으로 순수 감상을 목적으로 한 본격적인 실경산수화의 예라는 점에서 그 중요성이 높다. 이처럼 <경포대도>와 <총석정도>의 두 작품은 유람의 결과를 시화(詩畫)로 제작하였다는 역사적 사실을 현존 작품으로 확인할 수 있는 가장 이른 예라는 점에서 그 의미가 지대하다. 또한 그간 확인할 수 없었던 16세기 실경 산수화의 다양한 형태와 구도 및 시점의 면모를 보여주어 한국 실경산수화에 대한 이해의 폭을 확장한 점에서도 그 중요성이 매우 크다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.