• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2011

A dynamic model of lactic acid fermentation using Lactococcus lactis was constructed, and a metabolic flux analysis (MFA) and metabolic control analysis (MCA) were performed to reveal an intensive metabolic understanding of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The parameter estimation was conducted with COPASI software to construct a more accurate metabolic model. The experimental data used in the parameter estimation were obtained from an LC-MS/MS analysis and time-course simulation study. The MFA results were a reasonable explanation of the experimental data. Through the parameter estimation, the metabolic system of lactic acid bacteria can be thoroughly understood through comparisons with the original parameters. The coefficients derived from the MCA indicated that the reaction rate of L-lactate dehydrogenase was activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and pyruvate, and pyruvate appeared to be a stronger activator of L-lactate dehydrogenase than fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Additionally, pyruvate acted as an inhibitor to pyruvate kinase and the phosphotransferase system. Glucose 6-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate showed activation effects on pyruvate kinase. Hexose transporter was the strongest effector on the flux through L-lactate dehydrogenase. The concentration control coefficient (CCC) showed similar results to the flux control coefficient (FCC).

• 대한화학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 1983

테트라히드로퓨란-물 이성분계에서 용매화전자와 벤젠간의 반응속도 상수를 광분해법으로 측정하였으며, 이때 온도 범위는 $-18{\circ}C{\sim}+51{\circ}C$이였다. 속도 상수를 Arrhenius식에 따라 도시하여 얻은 활성화 에너지는 테트라히드로퓨란 함량이 증가할 수록 감소하였다. 물의 함량이 증가하면 이성분계의 점성도는 감소하고, 또 반응속도 상수도 감소하였으므로 용매화전자의 반응은 확산지배가 아니다. 활성화엔탈피 변화와 이차반응속도 상수는 테트라히드로퓨란의 함량이 39, 49, 75M%일 때 각각 4.90, 2.80 및 $-0.3kcal{\cdot}M^{-1}$과 $8.86{\times}10^8,\;5.14{\times}10^8$ 및 $1.43{\times}10^8M^{-1}sec^{-1}$이었다. 활성화반응 파엔탈피변화, 활성화엔트로피 변화에서 얻은 등속도 온도는 본 실험온도보다 낮은 $244{\circ}K$로 이것은 라메터가 활성화엔트로피 변화라는 것을 의미한다. 활성화 에너지에 대한 용매효과로부터 용매화전자$({e_s}^-)$와 벤젠(B)간의 반응과정 중에 ${e_s}^-+B{\rightleftharpoons}B^-$ 단계는 테트라히드로퓨란 함량이 증가할수록 더욱 더 발열반응성으로 진행되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1724-1733
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 비모노톤함수(non-monotone function)인 CosExp(cosine-modulated symmetric Exponential function) 함수와 모노톤함수(monotone function)인 시그모이드 함수를 캐스케이드 코릴레이션 알고리즘(Cascade Correlation algorithm)의 학습에 병행해서 사용하여 이중나선문제(two spirals problem)의 패턴인식에 어떠한 영향이 있는지 분석하고 이어서 알고리즘의 최적화를 시도한다. 첫 번째 실험에서는 알고리즘의 후보뉴런에 CosExp 함수를 그리고 출력뉴런에는 시그모이드 함수를 사용하여 나온 인식된 패턴을 분석한다. 두 번째 실험에서는 반대로 CosExp 함수를 출력뉴런에서 사용하고 시그모이드 함수를 후보뉴런에 사용하여 실험하고 결과를 분석한다. 세 번째 실험에서는 후보뉴런을 위한 8개의 풀을 구성하여 변형된 다양한 시그모이드 활성화 함수(sigmoidal activation function)를 사용하고 출력뉴런에는 CosExp함수를 사용하여 얻게 된 입력공간의 인식된 패턴을 분석한다. 네 번째 실험에서는 시그모이드 함수의 변위를 결정하는 세 개의 파라미터 값을 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하여 얻는다. 이 파라미터 값들이 적용된 시그모이드 함수들은 후보뉴런의 활성화를 위해서 사용되고 출력뉴런에는 CosExp 함수를 사용하여 실험한 최적화 된 결과를 분석한다. 이러한 알고리즘의 성능평가를 위하여 각 학습단계 마다 입력패턴공간에서 인식된 이중나선의 형태를 그래픽으로 보여준다. 최적화 과정에서 은닉뉴런(hidden neuron)의 숫자가 28에서 15로 그리고 최종적으로 12개로 줄어서 학습 알고리즘이 최적화되었음을 확인하였다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2002

In the prior study, the mechanical properties and the dyeability of the easily dyeable polyester grim(EDY) were investigated. In this study, to interpret the dyeing behavior of EDY with C. I. Disperse Violet 1, the thermodynamic parameters of dyeing, such as the standard affinity, the heat of dyeing(the enthalpy change), the entropy change, the diffusion coefficient, and the activation energy of diffusion, were obtained from adsorption isotherms and dyeing rate at various temperatures and compared to these of regular polyester (REG-PET). The heat of dyeing(the enthalpy change) and the entropy change for EDY showed smaller negative values than those for REG-PET. This means that the dye molecules in the EDY are combined more loosely than in the REG-PET and that is due to the flexibility of polymer chains of EDY. The diffusion coefficients of C. I. Disperse Violet 1 into the EDY were larger than those for REG-PET, and the activation energy of diffusion on EDY was smaller than that on REG-PET.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1992년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.242-244
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• 1992

Conventionally in the industrial control, PlD controller has been used because of its robustness, and nonlinear characteristic of a system under control. Although the PlD controller produce suitable parameter of the each system and also variable of PlD controller should be changed according to environment, disturbance, load. In this paper, the convergence and learning accuracy of the back-propagation(BP) method in neural network are investigated by analyzing the reason for decelerating the convergence of BP method. and examining the rapid deceleration of the convergence when the learning is executed on the part of sigmoid activation function with the very small first derivative. The modified logistic activation function it proposed by defining the convergence factor based on the analysis and applied to the position and speed control of a DC-servo motor. This paper revealed for experimental, a neural network and a PD controller combined off-line system using developed the position and speed characteristics of a DC-servo motor.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.2263-2270
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• 2014

Solvolysis rate constants of 2-phenylethyl-(2-$PhCH_2CH_2OCOCl$, 1) and 2,2-diphenylethyl chloroformate (2,2-$Ph_2CHCH_2OCOCl$, 2), together with the previously studied solvolyses of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-substituted chloroformate ester derivatives, are reported in pure and binary solvents at $40.0^{\circ}C$. The linear free energy relationship (LFER) and sensitivities (l and m) to changes in solvent nucleophilicity ($N_T$) and solvent ionizing power ($Y_{Cl}$) of the solvolytic reactions are analyzed using the Grunwald-Winstein equation. The kinetic solvent isotope effects (KSIEs) in methanol and activation parameter values in various solvents are investigated for 1 and 2. These results support well the bimolecular pathway with same aspects. Furthermore, the small negative values of the entropies of activation of solvolysis of 1 and 2 in the highly ionizing aqueous fluoroalcohols are consistent with the ionization character of the rate-determining step, and the KSIE values of 1.78 and 2.10 in methanol-d indicate that one molecule of solvent acts as a nucleophile and the other acts as a general-base catalyst. It is found that the ${\beta}$-substituents in alkyl chloroformate are not the important factor to decide the solvolysis reaction pathway.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제66권4호
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• pp.692-700
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose the structural design of Interval Type-2 FCM based RBFNN. Proposed model consists of three modules such as condition, conclusion and inference parts. In the condition part, Interval Type-2 FCM clustering which is extended from FCM clustering is used. In the conclusion part, the parameter coefficients of the consequence part are estimated through LSE(Least Square Estimation) and WLSE(Weighted Least Square Estimation). In the inference part, final model outputs are acquired by fuzzy inference method from linear combination of both polynomial and activation level obtained through Interval Type-2 FCM and acquired activation level through Interval Type-2 FCM. Additionally, The several parameters for the proposed model are identified by using differential evolution. Final model outputs obtained through benchmark data are shown and also compared with other already studied models' performance. The proposed algorithm is performed by using Iris and Vehicle data for pattern classification. For the validation of regression problem modeling performance, modeling experiments are carried out by using MPG and Boston Housing data.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2005

Titanium alloy has widely been used as material for automotive parts because it has high specific strength. It is also light and harmless to human body. But, we have little design data about the creep behaviors of the alloy. Therefore, in this study, creep tests under four constant stress conditions have been conducted with low different temperature conditions. A series of creep tests had been performed to get the basic design data and life prediction of titanium products and we have gotten the fallowing results. First, the stress exponents decrease as the test temperatures increased. Secondly, the creep activation energy gradually decrease as the stresses became bigger. Thirdly, the constant of Larson-Miller parameter on this alloy was estimated as about 7.5. And for the last, the fractographs at the creep rupture showed the ductile fracture due to the intergranullar rupture.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.198-208
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• 1997

The-steady-state creep mechanism and behavior of Zircaloy-4 used as cladding materials in PWR have been investigated in air environment over the temp, ranges from 600 to $645^{\circ}C$ and stress ranges from 4 to $7kg/mm^2$. The stress exponents for the creep deformation of this alloy, n were decreased 4.81, 4.71, 4.64, and 4.56 at 600, 615, 630 and $645^{\circ}C$, respectively; the stress exponents decreased with increasing the temperature and got closer to about 5. The apparent activation energies, Q, were 62.1, 60.0, 57.9 and 55.4 kcal/mole at stresses of 4, 5, 6, $7kg/mm^2$, respectively; the activation energies decreased with increasing the stress and were close to those of volume self diffusion of Zr in Zr-Sn-Fe-Cr system. In results, it can be considered that the creep deformation for Zircaloy-4 was controlled by the dislocation climb over the ranges of this experimental conditions. Larson-Miller parameter, P, for the crept specimens was obtained as P=(T+460)(logt,+23). The failure plane observed by SEM slightly showed up intergranular fracture at this experiment ranges. However, it was essentially dominated by the dimple phenomenon, which was a characteristics of the transgranular fracture.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.771-777
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• 2007

Sliced and whole root of rehmannia were dehydrated in a laboratory dryer at 40, 60, 80, and $100^{\circ}C$ to evaluate the kinetic parameters for dehydration of rehmannia. The drying curves of both samples were characterized by a falling-rate drying period only. Sliced rehmannia dried 1.1 to 3.1 times faster than whole root of rehmannia depending on drying temperature. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of rehmannia samples at the drying temperature tested were 0.069-0.078 g water/g dry solid, which was coincided with the monolayer moisture content (0.06 and 0.07 g water/g dry solid) evaluated from desorption isotherms using GAB (Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer) model. A logarithmic model for thin layer drying was applied to evaluate the drying time to reach EMC ($t_{EMC}$) and drying constant (k). The effect of temperature on $1/t_{EMC}$ and k was described by the Arrhenius model with activation energy values of 32.56 and 47.14 kJ/mol determined using the former parameter, and 34.27 and 38.26 kJ/mol determined using the latter parameter for sliced and whole root of rehmannia, respectively.