• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.22-28
• /
• 2011

With the increasing cultivation of acid-loving plants such as blueberries, the artificial acidification of soils is frequently required. This research was conducted to determine the application rates of elemental sulfur (S) required in the soil acidification for blueberry cultivation. Laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to acidify three arable soils (pH 6-7) of different texture to pH 4.5-5.0 by the addition of varying amounts of elemental S. All rates of elemental S addition reduced soil pH, although the efficacy of acidification was related to the application rate and soil characteristics. pH reduction was slow in sandy loam soil, and the final equilibrium pH was obtained after 60, 43, and 30 days of incubation in sandy loam, loam, and silty clay, respectively. Although the final pHs obtained after 93 days of incubation were not significantly different among the three soils, the equilibrium pH was relatively higher in soil of higher clay content in the application rates of 1.5-2.0 g S $kg^{-1}$ soil. The estimated amounts of elemental S required in lowering pH to 4.5-5.0 were 0.59-1.01, 0.67-1.03, and 0.53-0.88 g S $kg^{-1}$ for sandy loam, loam, and silty clay, respectively. The lowest estimated amount of elemental S in the acidification of silty clay soil was attributable to the low organic matter content. For clay soils containing optimum level of organic matter, the application rates of elemental S should be much higher than those values estimated in this research. Soil acidification did not significantly increase the available concentrations of Ca, Mg and K. Extractable Cu and Zn was not greatly affected by the acidification, but extractable Fe, Mn, and Al in the acidified soils were higher than those found in non-acidified soils. Such increases in solubility are attributable to the dissolution of oxides and hydroxides of the elements.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.64-73
• /
• 2013

Because some particulate matter emission sources may inherently produce soluble species, or some soluble species may be produced during atmospheric transport, it is important to understand the origin of a particles's solubility when water-soluble tracers are used in source apportionment studies. Laboratory experiments were performed on three types of soils (Mongolia grassland, Mongolia desert, and Korean rural soils), to study the impact of acidification by nitric acid vapor on the solubility of metals in the soils. To achieve this goal, concentrations of water-soluble metals (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Mn, and Fe) in the soils measured before and after acidification. Contributions of concentrations of water-soluble metal species before and after acidification attack to their total concentrations varied little with soil type. Concentrations of water-soluble Mg, Al, K, Ca, Mn, and Fe from the soils after interaction with nitric acid vapor increased, with significant increases in soluble Ca and Mn for all soil types suggesting soil acidification enhances the amount of leachable metal species in soil dust. There was little increase in water-soluble Na and K after acidification for each soil type. This experiment demonstrates that quantities of water-soluble metal species in particulate matter are produced under high gaseous nitric acid conditions.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.305-310
• /
• 2001

pH($H_2O$), pH(KCI), CEC(cation exchange capacity), O.M.(organic matter) and exchangeable cations(K, Na, Ca, Mg) of paddy soil, upland soil and forest soil in Kumi city were investigated for the purpose of knowing soil acidification and the correlation between soil acidification and leaching of inorganic salts. The mean pH($H_2O$) values of paddy soil were 5.23(surface soil) and 5.69(subsoil) and 4.74(subsoil). The were 6.37(surface soil) and 6.11(subsoil), and those of forest soil were 4.67(surface soil) and 4.74(subsoil). The mean pH(KCl) values of paddy soil were 4.59(surface soil) and 4.98(subsoil) were 5.48(surface soil) and 5.04(subsoil), and those of forest soil were 3.82(surface soil) and 3.89(subsoil). The acidification of forest soil was more rapid than that of paddy soil and upland soil/ The total mean amounts of exchangeable cations(K, Na, Ca, Mg) in paddy soils were 6.14me/100g(surface soil) and 5.64me/100g(subsoil), and those in upland soils were 6.86me/100g(surface soil) and 6.65me/100g(subsoil), and those in forest soils were 4.06me/100g(surface soil) and 3.34me/100g(subsoil). The contents of inorganic salts in forest soil were much less than those of paddy soil and upland soil. The correlation coefficients(r) between pH($H_2O$) values and the total amounts of exchangeable cations in soils were $0.6635^{**}$(surface soil) and $0.6946^{**}$(subsoil), and those between pH(KCl) values and exchangeable cations in soils were 0.6629(surface soil) and $0.5675^{**}$(subsoil). The correlation between soil acidification and leaching of inorganic salts in soil was positively significant at 1% level.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.153-158
• /
• 2001

To investigate the effects of soil acidification on growth of Impatiens balsamina L. plants were transplanted to acidified soils with H$_2$SO$_4$ solution. The concentrations of soluble Ca, Mg, K, Al and Mn in the acidified soils increased with increment of H$^{+}$ addition to the soil. In both species, the plant height and root length were inhibited by soil acidification, showing much severer inhibition in Impatiens balsamina L. than in Tagetes patula L., As the soil pH decreases, the growth of underground parts decreased greatly than that of above ground parts in both species. Total dry weight decreased with increased Al concentration as well as lowered soil pH in both plants. There was a strong positive correlation between relative total dry weight and molar (Ca+Mg+K) / Al ratio of the soil. The results suggest that molar(Ca+Mg+K)/ Al ratio of the soil may be useful indicator for assessing the critical load of acid deposition in herb species.s.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.229-233
• /
• 2011

BACKGROUND: Soil acidification, which is known to be one of the reasons of forest decline, is associated with decreases in exchangeable Ca and increases in Al concentration, leading to low Ca/Al ratio in soil solution. As tree rings are datable archives of environmental changes, Ca/Al ratios of annual growth ring may show decreasing pattern in accordance with the progress of soil acidification. This study was conducted to investigate Ca/Al pattern of Pinus densiflora tree ring in an attempt to test its usefulness as an indicator of historical soil acidification. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three P. densiflora tree disks were collected from P. densiflora forests in Jeonnam province, and soil samples (0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm in depth) were also collected from the tree locations. Soils were analyzed for pH and exchangeable Ca and Al concentrations, and Ca/Al was calculated. Annual growth rings formed between 1969 and 2007 were separated and analyzed for Ca/Al. Soil Ca/Al was positively (P<0.01) correlated with soil pH, suggesting that soil acidification decreased Ca while increasing Al availability, lowering Ca/Al in soil solution. The Ca/Al of tree rings also showed a decreasing pattern from 18.2 to 5.5 during the period, and this seemed to reflect historical acidification of the soils. CONCLUSION(s): The relationship between soil pH and Ca/Al and the decreasing pattern of Ca/Al of tree ring suggest that Ca/Al of tree ring needs to be considered as a proxy of the progress of soil acidification in P. densiflora forest in southern Korea.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.317-324
• /
• 2001

Short-term effect of phosphogypsum on soil properties including acidification, salinity and metal availability were investigated under laboratory and field conditions. Phosphogypsum and mixtures of phosphogypsum and compost were added to soil and incubated in a laboratory condition with 15% moisture content. Phosphogypsum treatments were 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg soil and in the treatments of phosphogypsum and compost mixture 10 g of compost was added additionally. After the 30 days of incubation, an additional phosphogypsum and/or compost were added to the remaining soils at the same rates of the first treatments. pH, electrical conductivity, and available hazardous elements were measured periodically during the incubation. Field experiment was conducted in a plastic film house of mellon with four treatments of phosphogypsum and compost mixtures - 25+125, 50+125, 50+250 and 100+250 kg/165 $m^2$. pH, electrical conductivity, and hazardous elements in soil and total hazardous elements in leaf were measured. In the laboratory experiment, after 30 days of the first phosphogypsum application, soil pHs were lowered by 0.7-0.8 units. After the second treatment of phosphogypsum 0.2 units of additional acidification occurred. However, acidification was not observed in the soils treated with mixtures of phosphogypsum and compost. In the laboratory experiment, phosphogypsum treatments increased electrical conductivity very significantly. In field experiment, pH and electrical conductivity of soils treated with phosphogypsum were nearly the same as those of soil not treated with phosphogypsum. Since soil condition in the field study was an open system, the free acids and salts derived from phosphogypsum could be diffused down with water leaching through the soil profile and then any significant acidification or salt accumulation in the topsoil could not be observed. In both laboratory and field experiments, levels of available hazardous elements in soils treated with phosphogypsum were quite low and not different from the levels found in the control soil. Results obtained from this study suggest that application of phosphogypsum at appropriate rates on agricultural land appears of no concern in terms of acidity, salinity and hazardous element content of soil.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.287-297
• /
• 1994

수도권에서 보고된 리기다소나무 생장감소의 원인을 밝히기 위하여 33장소의 리기다소나무 숲에서 교목의 밀도, 수령 및 토양의 물리화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 토성을 제외하고 토양의 물리적 특성들은 도심지와 전원지에서 차가 없었다. 그러나 토양의 pH값, 염기포화도 및 염기성 양이온 함량은 전원지에 비해 도심지에서 낮았지만, 수용성 Al 함량과 S함량은 그 반대였다. 도심지의 토양산성화는 산성강하물에 의한 영향으로 해석된다. 다중회귀분석 결과, 수도권에서 리기다소나무 생장은 토양의 가비중<토양의 Al 함량<교목의 밀도<토양의 Mg 함량<수령의 순으로 영향이 컸다. 결론적으로 수도권에서 리기다소나무 생장의 감소는 1차적으로 토양산성화가 주요한 요인이었을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.351-357
• /
• 2000

본 연구는 도시자연녹지토양의 오염여부와 특성을 구명하기 위해 강원도 오대산을 대조구로 하여 남산, 창덕궁 후원 및 부천 성주산의 도시자연녹지 토양의 대기오염물질과 중금속 및 이화학적 성분을 비교${\cdot}$분석하였다. 토양 pH는 표토, 심토 모두 오대산>남산>창덕궁>성주산 순으로 나타났으며 대기오염물질인 음이온 $(NO_3\;^-,\;SO_4\;^{2-})$ 함량은 남산, 성주산>창덕궁>오대산 순으로 나타났다. pH와 대기오염물질과의 상관관계를 분석해본 결과 강한 부의상관을 보여 대기오염물질에 의한 토양산성화가 진행되고 있음을 보였다. 토양산성화에 따른 양이온 용탈 정도는 크게 나타나지 않았으나 계속 진행될 것으로 보인다. 남산, 부천 성주산, 창덕궁 후원 도시자연녹지 토양의 중금속 함량은 오대산에 비해 높게 나타났으며 표토가 심토에 비해 집적이 심하였다. 따라서 도시자연녹지 토양은 자동차 배기가스 등의 대기오염물질의 만성적인 노출로 토양산성화와 중금속 축적 등에 의한 산림생태계 악화가 우려된다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.348-352
• /
• 2007

인위적인 토양 pH 변화가 식물에 미치는 영향과 식물의 생화학적 방어반응을 조사하고자 황산용액을 첨가하여 산성화시킨 토양(pH 5.3, 4.5, 3.9, 3.5)에 만수국을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 토양 산성화에 의해 MDA 함량이 크게 증가되었다. 토양의 $H^{+}$ 부하량 증가에 따라 산화형인 DHA 및 GSSG의 함량이 크게 증가되었다. 항산화 효소의 활성도 토양의 $H^{+}$ 부하량의 증가에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제109권2호
• /
• pp.157-168
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 국내 산림토양을 대상으로 새로운 민감도 평가기법을 활용하여 산림토양 산성화 민감도를 평가하여 3가지 등급으로 구분하고, 각 민감도 그룹별 산성화 정도 및 토양 이화학적 특성을 비교·분석하여 산림토양의 질적 현황을 파악하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 공시토양은 국립산림과학원에서 설치한 산성화 모니터링 고정조사지에서 채취하여 이화학적 특성 분석에 활용하였으며, 산림토양 산성화 민감도는 토양 pHH2O, 양이온치환용량(Cation exchange capacity, CEC), 염기포화도(Base saturation, BS)를 활용하여 평가하였다: '양호'(pH≧4.2, CEC≧15cmol/kg, BS≧15%), '주의'(1~2개 지표 '양호'등급 기준미달), '심각'(3가지 지표 모두 미달). 전체 공시토양의 약 19%가 '양호'등급으로 분류되었으며, 66%와 15%는 각각 '주의'와 '심각'등급으로 분류되었다. 양호등급의 경우 양분의 상태(치환성 양이온, 치환성 양이온/전질소 몰비), CEC, BS 등 대부분의 토양 인자들이 수목 생육에 적합한 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 주의 및 심각 등급으로 갈수록 토양의 양분, CEC, BS 등의 인자들이 양호등급의 토양보다 유의하게 낮았으며, K⁺ 등의 필수 영양소가 결핍되는 현상이 나타났다. 또한, 독성물질인 치환성 알루미늄의 농도가 양호등급에 비해 2배 이상 높고, 치환성 알루미늄의 독성발현 가능성을 평가하는 Ca/Al지표가 0.6이하로 나타나 산성화로 인해 수목 생육이 저해될 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 토양 산성화로 인한 양분의 용탈 및 치환성알루미늄의 농도 등의 차이 때문으로 사료되며, 주의 및 심각등급의 토양은 산성화로 인한 토양의 질적 저하가 진행되고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 그러므로 산성화로 인한 산림쇠퇴를 방지하기 위해서는 pH교정을 통해 치환성 알루미늄의 유효도를 감소시키고 부족해진 양분을 보충하는 등 토양의 이화학적 환경회복이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.