• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4353-4356
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• 2012

Background: Tobacco consumption is one of the leading causes of oral submucous fibrosis, oral cancer and even premature death. The present study was designed to compare the biochemical parameters and non-enzymatic antioxidant status and the lipid peroxidation products in pan masala tobacco users as compared with age-matched non-user controls. Methods: Pan masala and tobacco users of age $33.2{\pm}9.94$ years and age-matched controls ($31.2{\pm}4.73$ years) were enrolled for the study. Plasma levels of vitamin E, vitamin C, albumin, bilirubin, uric acid, glucose, urea, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) were measured by standard methods. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were estimated as a measure of lipid peroxidation. Results: In the pan masala tobacco users, as compared to the controls, the level of vitamin C ($68.5{\pm}5.9$ vs $97.9{\pm}9.03{\mu}mol/L$, $p{\leq}0.05$) vitamin E ($18.4{\pm}5.3$ vs $97.9{\pm}9.03{\mu}mol/L$, $p{\leq}0.001$), albumin ($37.5{\pm}7.01$ vs $44.3{\pm}9.99g/L$, $p{\leq}0.001$), and malondialdehyde ($10.8{\pm}1.29$ vs $1.72{\pm}1.15nmol/ml$, $p{\leq}0.001$) were found to be significantly altered. Malondialdehyde was significantly correlated with vitamin E (r=1.00, p<0.001) and vitamin C (r=1.00, p<0.001) in pan masala tobacco users. Serum levels of AST ($31.0{\pm}16.77$ IU) and ALT ($36.7{\pm}31.3$ IU) in the pan masala tobacco users were significantly raised as compared to the controls (AST, $25.2{\pm}9.51$ IU, p=0.038; ALT, $26.2{\pm}17.9$ IU, p=0.038). Conclusion: These findings suggest that pan masala tobacco users are in a state of oxidative stress promoting cellular damage. Non-enzymatic antioxidants are depleted in pan masala tobacco users with subsequent alteration in the biochemical parameters. Supplementation of antioxidants may prevent oxidative damage in pan masala tobacco users.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1254-1262
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• 1998

This study has done to investigate the relationship between the icreased lipid oncentration caused by smoking and plama levels of vitamin A and vitamin E, antiodative enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation , in 52 male smokers and 32 non-smokers, Dietary vitamin A and vitamin E intake was imilar in both smokers and non-smokers. Absolute plasma concentrations of vitamin A and vitamin E were not significantly different between two groups, whereas vitamin E/cholesterol ration in plasma was low or in smokers than in that of non-smokers(p<0.05). It was considered that this lowered effect was due to the elevated plasma lipid concentration rather than oxidant stress derived from smoking, in view of the fact that smokers had higher cholesterol (15.2%) adn LDL-C(26.6%) levels than non-smokers. In non-smokers, plasma thiobarbiturin acid reactive substances(TBARS) conrrelated positively with total cholesterol(r=0.63466, p<0.001), LDL-C level(r=0.57166, p<0.01) , and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio(r=0.45926, p<0.05) . Activities of glutathione perosidase(GSH-Px) , superoside dismutase(SOD), and catalse made no difference in both groups. However, it was observed in non-smokers that GSH-Px activity had negative correlations with total cholesterol(r=-0.67293, p<0.001), LDL-C level(r=-0.62878, p<0.001), and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (r=-0.58824, p<0.01), indicating that there was a dependent relationship between lipid perosidation and plasma lipid level. The smokers also showed negative correlations for GSH-Px activity with total cholesterol (r=-0.29946, p<0.05) and LDL-c level (r=0.45914, p<0.001), and LDL-C/HDL-c ratio(r=-0.35438, p<0.05). It seemed that the lipid that the lipid level elevated by sustaines smoking resulted in reducing vitamin E/cholesterol ratio and proportion of antioxidant to oxidant load, and then GSH-Px activity, with insufficient removal of free radicals(TBARS 2.43$\pm$0.51 and 1.81$\pm$0.15nmol/ml in smokers and non-smokers, respectively). These findings suggest that higher plasma lipid levels may play a more important role in perturbing the antioxidant defense system including vitamin E status and GSH-Px activity, at least in circumstances that increase lipid concentration . In addition, in exposure to free radicals like those in cigarette smoke. In those cases the ratio of vitamin E/lipid in plasma can be a more indicator of vitamin E status than plasma levels of vitamin E alone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.562-568
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• 2016

This study investigated the effects of Yuza pectin extract (0, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2%, w/v) on the physicochemical, microbial, rheological, and sensory properties of yogurt. Pectin extract was extracted from Yuza peel by using citrate after juicing the flesh. The total sugar content of Yuza pectin was 89.07%. The pH of Yuza pectin extract-added yogurt was 4.43. All Yuza pectin extract-added yogurt samples showed shear-thinning flow behaviors (n=0.33~0.44). The values for apparent viscosity ($0.34{\sim}0.47Pa{\cdot}s$), consistency index ($4.48{\sim}10.25Pa{\cdot}s^n$), yield stress (6.56~17.61 Pa), storage modulus (47.96~75.21 Pa), and loss modulus (19.79~26.06 Pa) for 0.1~0.2% (w/v) Yuza pectin extract-added yogurt were considerably higher than those of the control. These result indicated that Yuza pectin extract could enhance steady and dynamic shear rheological properties of yogurt. The sensory scores of Yuza pectin extract-added yogurt were higher than those of the control.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1163-1169
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• 2007

Effects of Sotosaja hwan on Blood Glucose, Hyperlipidemia, Polyol Pathway and Antioxidative Mechanism in ob/ob Mouse Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role. Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Sotosaja-hwan has been known to be effective for the antiaging and composed of four crude herbs. In male ob/ob mouse in severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia, which are features of NIDDM, the hyperglycemic activites and mechanisms of Sotosaja-hwan were examined. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the lean (C57/BL6J black mice) and diabetic (ob/ob mice) control groups received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 30 and 90 mg Sotosaja-hwan per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. The effects of Sotosaja-hwan extract on the ob/ob mice were observed by measuring the serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid components, and the kidney levels of superoxide anion radical $({\cdot}O_2)$, MDA+HAE, GSH/GSSG ratio, and also the enzyme activities involved in polyol pathway. Sotosaja-hwan lowered the levels of serum glucose and insulin in a dose dependent manner. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were decreased, while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased, in Sotosaja-hwan treated groups. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were inhibited in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan inhibited the generation of ${\cdot}O_2$ in the kidney. Finally, MDA+HAE levels was increased and GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were improved in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan showed the antidiabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing the MDA+HAE levels in the ob/ob mice.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.321-338
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of moistening and air-drying of acid conditioned dentin and enamel on the marginal microleakage. In this study, Class V cavity were prepared on both buccal and lingual surface of sixty extracted human premolars with cementum margin. These specimens were randomly devided into three groups and three dentin adhesives(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All bond 2, Prisma Universal Bond 3) were applied to each group. The specimens in each group were subdevided into four groups (Wet/primed, Dry/primed, Wet/not primed, Dry/not primed) and the etched dentin and enamel surface were treated these four surface treatments prior to the placement of a bonding agent or adhesive. Wet/primed group was simply blot-dried with a damp facial tissue before primer placement ; Dry/primed group was air dried for 30 seconds before the placement of a primer ; Wet/not primed group and Dry/not primed group were not primed after blot dried and air dried for 30 seconds each group. The bonding agent and composite resin were applied for each group. All specimens were exposed to 500 cycle of thermal stress. Specimens were placed in a silver nitrate solution and then sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration. The dye penetrations of the specimens were observed with a stereo microscope. The statistical test were applied to the results using a one way analysis variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test. The aspects of silver ion penetration into the resin/dentin interface were examined under scanning electron microscopy. The results were as follows. 1. In all groups, the enamel margin showed significantly lower leakage value than the cementum margin (p<0.05). 2. Regardless of various surface treatment and dentin adhesives, there was no significant difference at the enamel margins (p>0.05). 3. At the dentin margins, the leakage values of Dry/not primed group showed significantly higher than that of the other groups (p<0.05). The leakage values of Wet/primed group showed significantly lower than that of the other groups, but, there was no significant difference between Wet group and Dry group. 4. There was no significantly difference between the dentin adhesives regarding the surface treatments in all groups(p>0.05). 5. On the backscatterd scanning electron microscopy observation, the penetration of the silver ion occured at the bonding resin/dentin interface. In the Wet/primed group, resindentin hybrid zone and resin penetration into the dentin was observed. The resin tags were compactively formed to a thickness of $3\sim4{\mu}m$ at the upper part of dentinal tubules. In the Dry/primed group, the thickness of the hybrid zone and the diameter, depth of the resin tags diminished. In the Non-primed groups, the hybrid zone was not identified and few resin tag was observed. There was the gap formation in the resin/dentin interface.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 1999

Free radicals are thought to be the most important cause of the reperfusion injury subsequent to ischemia. The antioxidant status of the tissue affected by ischemia-reperfusion is of great importance for the primary endogenous defense against the free radical induced injury. Therefore, antioxidant therapy has been shown to be beneficial in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia. In this study, the protective effects of Chungpesagan-tang (CST) was investigated against ischemia/reperfusion-induced cytotoxicity in SK-N-MC neuronal cells It was found out that low concentration of CST was highly effective in protecting neuronal cells against ischemia/reperfusion-induced cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect of CST on malondialdehyde formation during ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress in SK-N-MC cells showed obvious dose-dependent responses. Also, CST showed relatively high inhibitory activity to xanthine oxidase induced by ischemia/reperfusion environment Therefore, it is thought that CST has both antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect and can be used for clinical applications for protection of neuronal cells from ischemia-reperfusion injury.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2015

Surface modification is a technology to form a new surface layer and overcome the intrinsic properties of the base material by applying thermal energy or stress onto the surface of the material. The purpose of this technique is to achieve anti-corrosion, beautiful appearance, wear resistance, insulation and conductance for base materials. Surface modification techniques may include plating, chemical conversion treatment, painting, lining and surface hardening. Among which, a surface modification process using electrolytes has been investigated for a long time in connection with research on its industrial application. The technology is highly favoured by various fields because it provides not only high productivity and cost reduction opportunities, but also application availability for components with complex geometry. In this study, an electrochemical experiment was performed on the surface of 5083-O Al alloy to determine an optimal electrolyte temperature, which produces surface with excellent corrosion resistance under marine environment than the initial surface. The experiment result, the modified surface presented a significantly lower corrosion current density with increasing electrolyte temperature, except for $5^{\circ}C$ of electrolyte temperature at which premature pores was created.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2008

The modification of DNA and histone plays an important role for gene expression in plant development. The objective of this research is to observe the effects of methylation on the gene expression during dedifferentiation from rice mature seeds to callus and differentiation from callus to shoots. The embryogenic callus with ability to shoot regeneration was not induced on the N6A medium supplemented with 5-azacytidine and abnormal callus with brown color was formed. When the normal rice callus was placed on the regeneration MSRA medium supplemented with 5-azacytidine, the shoot regeneration was inhibited. The results showed that 5-azacytidine, DNA demethylating agent, had negative effects on normal embryogenic callus formation and shoot regeneration. This suggested that DNA methylation of some genes was required for normal cell dedifferentiation and differentiation in tissue culture. The microarray and $GeneFishig^{TM}$ DEG screening were used to observe the gene transcript profile in callus induction and regeneration on N6A (N6 medium + 5-azaC) and MSRA (MS regeneration medium + 5-azaC). Subsets of genes were up-regulated or down-regulated in response to 5-azaC treatments. The genes related with epigenetic regulation, electron transport, nucleic acid metabolism and response to stress were up and down regulated. The different expression of some genes (germin like protein etc.) during callus induction and shoot regeneration was confirmed using RT-PCR and northern blot analysis.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 1997

To make a stable o/w emulsion, the effects of egg lecithin as an emulsifier and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an auxiliary emulsifier on the physical stability of emulsion were investigated. The oil-in-water emulsion system was manufactured by microfluidizer and evaluated the physical stability. Average particle size and size distribution of emulsion was measured by dynamic light scattering analyzer and interfacial tension was measured. From the interfacial tension tested, critical micelle concentration of the egg lecithin was 0.1 %w/v and optimal concentration for the preparation of emulsion was 1.0 %w/v. The mean particle size was about $0.2\;{\mu}m$ which was suitable for injections. The short-term accelerated stability studies were conducted by centrifugation, freeze-thaw method and shaking of the emulsion samples. The addition of PVP was caused the reduction in the particle size and improved the physical stability of emulsion. These results suggested that a mixed interfacial film comprising the egg lecithin and PVP was formed at the o/w interface and it was effective in preventing phase separation under thermic or mechanical stress. We used antineoplaston A10 (A10) as a model drug which is peptide and amino acid derivative having a action to the living organism against the development of neoplastic growth by a nonimmunological progress. It has a poor solubility in water and there may be a difficulty in formulation of A10. Emulsion formulation study about A10 was performed. Solubility of A10 in emulsion was about five times as high as that in water. From the results of solubility and partition coefficient, almost A10 molecules in o/w emulsion exist in the interface between oil and water.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 2008

We investigated the effect of rice embryo and embryo jelly with black rice bran pigment on lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity. Thirty 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high cholesterol diets supplemented with 15% rice embryo and 25% embryo jelly added black rice bran pigment, respectively, for 6 weeks. Plasma and hepatic lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and the activity of antioxidant scavenger enzymes in liver were examined. Supplementation with rice embryo and embryo jelly had no effect on food intakes in high cholesterol-fed rats. The plasma triglyceride concentration was not significantly different among the groups. Supplementation with rice embryo and embryo jelly resulted in lower plasma and hepatic total cholesterol (TC) concentration and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)/TC ratio and atherogenic index compared to the control group, while the plasma HDL-C concentration tended to elevated. Rice embryo and embryo jelly tended to lower plasma and hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than the control group. Moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, were significantly higher in the rice embryo and embryo jelly groups. In conclusion, rice embryo and embryo jelly was very effective in improving the lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress by up-regulating the hepatic antioxidant enzymes in high cholesterol-fed rats.